OVert: Open Exploration of Vertebrate Diversity in 3D

Digitization TCN: oVert: Open Exploration of Vertebrate Diversity in 3D

oVert TCN

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Project Summary
Current Research
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Project Summary

The oVert (openVertebrate) Thematic Collection Network (TCN) will generate and serve high-resolution digital three-dimensional data for internal anatomy across vertebrate diversity. At a network of digitization centers across the US, we will CT-scan >20,000 fluid-preserved specimens representing >80% of the living genera of vertebrates. This will provide broad coverage for exploration and research on all major groups of vertebrates. We will also generate contrast-enhanced scans to reveal soft tissues and organs for a majority of the living vertebrate families. This collection of digital imagery and three-dimensional volumes will be open for exploration, download, and use to address questions related to the discovery of new species, documenting patterns of anatomical diversity and growth, and testing hypotheses of function and evolution. These new media will provide unprecedented global access to valuable specimens in US museum collections. Our network of leading US vertebrate collections will develop best practices and guidelines for high-throughput CT-scanning, including efficient workflows, preferred resolutions, and archival formats that optimize the variety of downstream applications. We will train museum specialists on the generation, curation, and distribution of 3D data, researchers in using 3D anatomical data, and high school and undergraduate students in the tools for creating 3D anatomical models. To drive the use of these digital specimens by K12 STEM educators, we will conduct teacher-driven workshops that generate freely available lesson plans focused on specific science standards that are based on digital and printed 3D models of specimens in US museum collections.

Data generated by oVert will serve as a catalyst for diverse research projects focused on understanding the vertebrate morphological diversity and dramatically increase the accessibility of specimens housed in US scientific collections. These anatomical phenotypes represent a common currency that facilitates integration across the fields of taxonomy, evolution, developmental biology, comparative physiology, functional anatomy, paleontology, and ecology. We will use x-ray computed tomography (CT) scanning to generate high-resolution digital anatomical data, represented as both 2D image stacks and 3D volumes and surfaces, which can be distributed globally through the on-line data portal MorphoSource. With these 3D digital specimens, US and international research communities will be able to (1) diagnose, describe, and infer patterns of relationships among both living and extinct vertebrates, (2) test hypotheses of morphological evolution such as patterns of disparity, modularity, and phenotype-environment correlations, (3) develop structure-function models for testing hypotheses about morphological adaptations related to, e.g., feeding and locomotion, and (4) explore relationships between brain and nervous system anatomy and both sensory and musculoskeletal function. We will upgrade the interface and functionality of MorphoSource, an on-line data depository for 3D data of biological specimens, improving its capacity to explore media, capture standardized metadata, ingest legacy data from previous and existing projects, supply media information to data aggregators including iDigBio, and engage educators and students. We will support training workshops both on-site at participating institutions and national society meetings of scientists and educators.

Current Research

Proposed research uses of data generated through oVert project include: 1) diagnose, describe, and infer patterns of relationships among both living and extinct vertebrates 2) test hypotheses of morphological evolution such as patterns of disparity, modularity, and phenotype-environment correlations 3) develop structure-function models for testing hypotheses about morphological adaptations related to, e.g., feeding and locomotion 4) explore intraspecific phenotypic diversity related to spatial variation and ontogenetic transformations 5) explore relationships between brain and nervous system anatomy and both sensory and musculoskeletal function.

Project Websites & Social Media

MorphoSource (on-line depository for digital anatomical data, including from oVert TCN): https://www.morphosource.org/

oVert FAQs: https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/overt/

oVert on Twitter: https://twitter.com/hashtag/overttcn

oVert on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCdj7bJFeKk10WNmc5R0cq_A/featured

Presentations from "Integrating Institutional Archives with Disciplinary Web Repositories" (Duke University, January 23-24, 2020): https://www.idigbio.org/wiki/index.php/Integrating_Institutional_Archives_with_Disciplinary_Web_Repositories

Protocols & Workflows

Blackburn, David. Introduction to oVert. Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, March 2018. (condensed version). PDF

Boyer, D. oVert MorphoSource Uploading Guide. PDF

Stanley, Edward. Introduction to CT scanning. Computed Tomography in the Analysis of Natural History, Morphology, and Evolution Workshop, University of Texas, Arlington, January 2018. PDF

Stanley, Edward. X-ray basics. Computed Tomography in the Analysis of Natural History, Morphology, and Evolution Workshop, University of Texas, Arlington, January 2018. PDF

Stanley, Edward. CT scanning basics. Computed Tomography in the Analysis of Natural History, Morphology, and Evolution Workshop, University of Texas, Arlington, January 2018. PDF

Summers, Adam. How to Scan All Fishes. https://bit.ly/HowToScanAllFishes

oVert Reference Specimens on MorphoSource: https://www.morphosource.org/Detail/ProjectDetail/Show/project_id/477

MorphoSource Tutorials on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLP5eOaQsoxJGGa8wx6PgFBgBUXMgx5unW

Educational Resources

QUBES lesson plan on "Origin and Diversity of Armor in Girdled Lizards": https://qubeshub.org/publications/1846/1

3D models on Sketchfab for education and outreach: https://sketchfab.com/ufherps

Project Leadership

Project sponsor: University of Florida (NSF Award 1701714)

Principal Investigator (PI): David Blackburn

Project Collaborators

Map of Collaborating Institutions

University of Florida (lead)

University of Florida

David C. Blackburn, lead PI, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida (NSF Award 1701714)
Jonathan I. Bloch, CoPI, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida
Gavin J.P. Naylor, CoPI, Florida Museum of Natural History , University of Florida
Edward L. Stanley, CoPI, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida
https://www.morphosource.org/Detail/ProjectDetail/Show/project_id/211

Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University

Mark H. Sabaj, PI, Ichthyology, Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University (NSF Award 1701943)

California Academy of Sciences

Luiz A. Rocha, PI, Department of Ichthyology, California Academy of Sciences (NSF Award 1701870)
John (Jack) P. Dumbacher, CoPI, Department of Ornithology and Mammalogy, California Academy of Sciences
https://www.morphosource.org/Detail/ProjectDetail/Show/project_id/273

Cornell University

Casey B. Dillman, PI, Cornell University Museum of Vertebrates, Cornell University (NSF Award 1700908)
David W. Winkler, CoPI, Cornell University Museum of Vertebrates, Cornell University
Amy R. McCune, CoPI, Cornell University Museum of Vertebrates, Cornell University
William E. Bemis, CoPI, Cornell University Museum of Vertebrates, Cornell University

Duke University

Douglas M. Boyer, CoPI on UF subaward, Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University

Field Museum of Natural History

John M. Bates, PI, Science and Education, Field Museum of Natural History (NSF Award 1702421 )
Alan Resetar, CoPI, Science and Education, Field Museum of Natural History
Ben D. Marks, CoPI, Science and Education, Field Museum of Natural History

Harvard University

James Hanken, PI, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (NSF Award 1702263)

Louisiana State University & Agricultural and Mechanical College

Christopher C. Austin, PI, Museum of Natural Science, Louisiana State University & Agricultural and Mechanical College (NSF Award 1701402)
Jake Esselstyn, CoPI, Museum of Natural Science, Louisiana State University & Agricultural and Mechanical College

Texas A&M University

Kevin W. Conway, PI, Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Science and Biodiversity Research and Teaching Collections, Texas A&M University (NSF Award 1702442)
Heather L. Prestridge, CoPI, Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Science and Biodiversity Research and Teaching Collections, Texas A&M University
Sarah Potvin, CoPI, University Libraries, Texas A&M University

University of California, Berkeley

Carol L. Spencer, PI, Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley (NSF Award 1701797)
Michelle S. Koo, CoPI, Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley

University of California, San Diego, Scripps Institution of Oceanography

Philip A. Hastings, PI, Marine Vertebrate Collection, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego (NSF Award 1701737)
Benjamin Frable, CoPI, Marine Vertebrate Collection, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego

University of Chicago

Zhe-Xi Luo, CoPI, Research Associate in Integrative Research Center, and Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago

University of Kansas

Richard E. Glor, PI, Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas (NSF Award 1701932)
A. Townsend Peterson, Co-PI, Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas
Robert G. Moyle, CoPI, Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas

University of Michigan

Daniel L. Rabosky, PI, UM Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan (NSF Award 1701713)
Priscilla K. Tucker, Co-PI, UM Museum of Zoology (Director), University of Michigan
Alison R. Davis Rabosky, Senior Personnel, UM Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan
Cody W. Thompson, Senior Personnel, UM Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan
https://www.morphosource.org/Detail/ProjectDetail/Show/project_id/374

University of Texas, Austin

David C. Cannatella, PI, Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin (NSF Award 1701516)
Travis J. LaDuc, CoPI, Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin
Dean Hendrickson, Senior Personnel, Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin

University of Washington

Luke M. Tornabene, PI, Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington (NSF Award 1701665)
Sharlene Santana, CoPI, Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington
Adam P. Summers, CoPI, Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington
Katherine Maslenikov, Senior Personnel, Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington
http://www.morphosource.org/Detail/ProjectDetail/Show/project_id/220

Virginia Institute of Marine Science

Sarah K. Huber, PI, Nunnally Ichthyology Collection, Virginia Institute of Marine Science (NSF Award 1702143)
Eric J. Hilton, CoPI, Nunnally Ichthyology Collection and Fisheries Science, Virginia Institute of Marine Science

Yale University, Peabody Museum of Natural History

Gregory J. Watkins-Colwell, PI, Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University (NSF Award 1701769)
Bhart-Anjan Bhullar, CoPI, Department of Geology & Geophysics, Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University

Unfunded Collaborating Institutions

Carnegie Museum of Natural History

Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History

PENs

Digitization PEN: oMEGA - Online Metrology of Extant Giant Animals for the oVert TCN

This is a Partner to Existing Networks (PEN) award to the Idaho Museum of Natural History to partner with the Open Vertebrate (oVert) Thematic Collections Network (TCN). The oVert TCN is creating high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) data for internal anatomy across the diversity of vertebrate animals. Using computed tomography (CT) scanners at institutional collections across the US, more than 20,000 fluid-preserved specimens will be scanned and made available online for open public use. This PEN complements the oVert TCN program by including vertebrate animals too large to be preserved in fluid or scanned by conventional CT scanners. The oMEGA PEN will use portable surface scanners to provide high-resolution scans of skeletons of large vertebrate animals curated at Harvard, Berkeley, and California Academy of Sciences. The addition of large vertebrates, including whales and elephants, provides an important segment of the animal world to open access collections for researchers and educators. The process of creating this 3D resource will provide training for undergraduate students, and on-site workshops for collections staff. Skeletal models will support TCN activities in creating K-12 STEM lesson plans and 3D-printable resources for the classroom.

The digitized skeletons acquired in this PEN will help fill a major gap in the original TCN and support its research theme on the evolution of vertebrate morphological diversity. By virtue of their large size, vertebrates exceeding 250 kg define upper boundaries of size-dependent anatomical form and function, and therefore push the limits on development and physiology. These skeletal data will provide new opportunities to evaluate gigantism and the tendency of animal lineages toward ever-larger body size. Combined with the other oVert 3D specimens, the TCN's digital collection distributed through MorphoSource and iDigBio will inspire new research questions and provide the raw materials to test hypotheses in a broad range of biosciences.

Project Sponsor: Idaho State University (NSF Award 1802491)

Principal Investigators: Leif Tapanila (PI), David Blackburn (Co-PI)

Functional Quantitative Characters for Ecology and Evolution (FuncQEE)

An award is made to Chicago State University to join the oVert Thematic Collection Network (TCN) as a Partner to an Existing Network (PEN). Computed tomography (CT) scanning will be used to provide 3D data relating to structural diversity for ca. 1,700 specimens of rodents. Rodents are among the most common but also among the most diverse mammals on the planet. They are found in virtually every terrestrial ecosystem, with species ranging from guinea pigs, to prairie dogs, kangaroo rats, flying squirrels, capybaras, lemmings, house mice, and sewer rats. Across this diversity, their bodies vary considerably in size and shape as they adapted to distinct habitats (e.g., Arctic tundra, grasslands, temperate and tropical forests), locomotion (e.g. terrestrial, arboreal, swimming, burrowing habits), feeding preferences (e.g., insectivores, granivores, herbivores, or generalists), and more. Given these vast differences, this project will provide 3D digitized data making it possible to examine and quantify the characters found in this radiation of diversity throughout the rodent tree of life. Undergraduate students at an MSI (Chicago State University) will be trained in CT-scan image processing

The project will generate computed tomography (CT) scans as a basis for 3D modeling of structural diversity for 1,700 specimens of rodents. Sampling will focus on less common species. The 3D data will be available to researchers and educators via MorphoSource. These data will enable studies on functional quantitative characters for ecology and evolution (FuncQEE) as well as studies and lessons ranging from physiology to biomedical applications. The project will bring together scientists and educators from Chicago State University, University of Michigan, University of New Mexico, University of Florida, and Sandia National Laboratory. Master's degree candidates and undergraduate students will receive training, including an effort to provide opportunities for underrepresented, first generation, and/or low-income students in science careers in cutting edge visualization and analytical approaches.

Project Sponsor: Chicago State University (NSF Award 1902105)

Principal Investigators: Noe de la Sancha (Principal Investigator), David Blackburn (co-PI), Cody Thompson (co-PI)

The oUTCT PEN: Outwardly Mobilizing the UTCT Vertebrate Archive for Research and Training

The University of Texas High-Resolution X-ray CT Facility (UTCT) was established in 1997 to make HRXCT - a direct descendant of medical CT - available to researchers in the natural sciences. Through this award, oUTCT will partner with the oVert (openVertebrate) project to make nearly nine terabytes of existing high-resolution X-ray computed tomographic (HRXCT) data publicly accessible, and to train the next generation of students in best practices for these data. Scientists from around the world have brought their most important and precious natural history specimens to UTCT to image and measure their interior features nondestructively. This application of HRXCT technology has been tremendously successful, resulting in the proliferation of scanners at institutions across the country. Over the course of two years, oUTCT will upload HRXCT data for 90 UTCT clients to MorphoSource. About 3000 specimen scans, representing nearly 1,500 fossil and extant vertebrate species, will be made available so they can be easily discovered and downloaded by everyone from scientists to artists to K-12 educators. This mobilization will be accomplished by undergraduate students employed at UTCT, who will learn the basics of HRXCT data acquisition and visualization as well as basic bioinformatics.

The UTCT datasets, acquired in part via dozens of NSF grants and cited more than 18,000 times in academic publications, remain in high demand due to their broad scope, high data quality, and historical significance. This demand has been fueled in part by the public-facing Digital Library of Morphology (DigiMorph.org), an NSF-funded project online since 2002 and housed at UTCT, which serves HRXCT-derived animations for more than 1,000 biological and paleontological specimens. In the oUTCT project, UTCT and DigiMorph will partner with oVert and iDigBio, both at the University of Florida, and the MorphoSource data repository at Duke University to make this unparalleled collection of HRXCT datasets more readily discoverable and more easily repurposed. As part of the educational outreach for this project, oUTCT will also provide training to the oVert community, which spans nearly 20 universities and academic institutions, to maximize the scientific impact of that project. The UTCT will host two short courses per year, cosponsored by oVert and iDigBio, to train students and scientists associated with oVert and MorphoSource in the fundamentals of HRXCT data acquisition, visualization, analysis, and long-term management. These activities will expand the impact of the original oVert project and maximize the return on NSF?s investment in it, UTCT, DigiMorph, iDigBio, and MorphoSource.

Project Sponsor: University of Texas at Austin (NSF Award 1902242)

Principal Investigators: Jessica Maisano (PI), David Blackburn (co-PI)

CryptoVert - Digitizing small-bodied cryptobenthic fishes for the oVertTCN

The Open Vertebrate thematic collections network (oVert) aims to create a digital resource of computed tomography (CT) scans across the vertebrate Tree of Life. This digital database allows researchers to quickly and efficiently study morphological patterns across all vertebrate groups. One of the most apparent differences among vertebrates is their body size, with some species obtaining large body sizes, while others remain very small even as mature adults. This Partner to Existing Networks (PEN) award will link the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County with oVert to create a digital repository of data focusing on some of the world?s smallest vertebrates: cryptobenthic fishes. Fishes represent approximately half of the total vertebrate diversity, yet many groups remain understudied. Cryptobenthic fishes, which are small marine fishes that live in a variety of habitats, are one of these understudied groups and their importance in marine ecosystems is only beginning to be understood. This project will complement oVert taxonomically by focusing on an understudied vertebrate group, and methodologically by developing best practices for scanning very small organisms for both bony and soft-tissue anatomy. In addition to their research utility, these scans will be an excellent educational resource that will be incorporated into public museum displays and K-12 classroom lesson plans. Furthermore, processing of CT scans will train undergraduate students in skills that are used in a variety of professional disciplines.

Studying very small organisms comes with inherent challenges, and previous attempts to describe the internal anatomy of small vertebrates was only possible using destructive approaches. This project will focus on 17 different fish families that comprise the majority of cryptobenthic fishes using traditional CT scans to document the skeletal system and contrast-enhanced CT scans to reveal soft-tissue anatomy such as muscle, nervous, and circulatory systems. Cryptobenthic fishes fill a variety of functional ecosystem roles, and the bony and soft-tissue scans associated with this project will create the raw data necessary for researchers to understand how these minute fishes have adapted in different ways to their environment without damaging valuable museum specimens. In combination with CT scans completed by oVert and oVert partners, the products of this project will also be useful for researchers to identify general trends in vertebrate anatomical evolution associated with body size and will be a valuable resource for the development of new questions and hypotheses in a variety of scientific disciplines. Data will be shared with and made available through iDigBio.org and MorphoSource.org.

Project Sponsor: Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History Foundation (NSF Award #2001443)

Principal Investigators: Willian Ludt (PI)

GalapaGateway: Unlocking Model Evolutionary Systems for Research and Education

The California Academy of Sciences (CAS) is home to the largest and most complete collection of scientific research specimens from the Galápagos Islands, the majority of which can only be accessed by a small number of researchers able to visit the museum. GalapaGateway is a Partnership to Existing Networks (PEN) award that compliments the Open Vertebrate Thematic Collections Network (oVert TCN). This PEN will produce and disseminate high resolution three-dimensional (3D) imagery of approximately 1300 vertebrate specimens of reptiles, birds, and mammals from the Galápagos Islands, thereby increasing accessibility to these historical specimens. Resulting 3D scans will be available free of charge on multiple platforms, including iDigBio, MorphoSource, SketchFab, and a dedicated CAS portal that links scans to specimen data, fieldnotes, and images. Physical 3D models of selected specimens, such as giant tortoises and Darwin?s finches, will be printed for use in education and public outreach at the CAS and at the Charles Darwin Foundation in the Galápagos Islands.

While the oVert TCN aims to scan a single representative of each vertebrate genus, this PEN will image multiple specimens per species to capture within-species variation. Variation within species of Galapagos animals was central to Darwin?s theory of evolution by natural selection and continues to serve as a textbook example for explaining these foundational concepts to students and the general public. Through a combination of computed tomography (CT) and structured light surface scanning, the GalapaGateway project will create morphological data and 3D models of multiple series of closely related taxa from across the Galápagos Archipelago, allowing for in-depth analysis of vertebrate morphology, variation, adaptation, and speciation. 3D surface scanning will be used on specimens too large for traditional CT-scanning machines. Producing these scans of iconic historical specimens from the Galápagos will facilitate a wide variety of academic inquiries, including research into morphology and allometry, development, taxonomy, and adaptive ecology and evolution.

Project Sponsor: California Academy of Sciences (NSF Award #2001435)

Principal Investigators: Lauren Scheinberg (PI), David Blackburn, Maureen Flannery (co-PIs)

oBird: 3D Photogrammetry of Museum Specimens for Phenomics across the Avian Tree of Life

The oBird project (for ?outside of the bird?) will create 3D digital models for nearly all living bird species for research and education. Preserved specimens in museum research collections are a record of Earth?s biodiversity and provide a baseline for assessing past and future environmental changes, planetary health, and for understanding how biodiversity arose and proliferated. Major efforts over the last several decades have sought to make museum records digital to facilitate their access and inclusion in large-scale research projects. Computerized tomography (CT) scans are an increasingly common way to make digital specimens, especially when the insides of the specimen have also been preserved, as with whole fish preserved in jars. However, with birds, CT scans will miss the color and arrangement of feathers, features of great importance to researchers and also appreciated by the public. oBird will create 3D digital models using a process called photogrammetry. Photogrammetry uses hundreds of photographs from all angles of a specimen to create realistic, interactive 3D virtual models in full, natural color. The 3D models from oBird will be free to access on the internet, facilitating research on the origins of bird diversity, including novel colors and pigments. The 3D models will also be incorporated into public displays on biodiversity in the new Anderson Center for Environmental Sciences at Occidental College as well as lesson plans for K-12 education.

As a partner project to the Open Vertebrate Thematic Collections Network (OVert TCN), oBird will extend OVert into the world of 3D photogrammetry, an emerging method in collections digitization that preserves the external features of specimens as interactive, 3D models. The project will increase genus-level coverage of avian diversity compared to OVert from 60% to 90%. The 3D photogrammetry technique involves taking hundreds of 2D photos of a whole, dried bird specimen on a rotating stand followed by processing with a novel, automated computational pipeline that generates a 3D model with minimal manual oversight. oBird will prioritize imaging the same species as OVert to provide paired external and internal anatomy across species. The 3D models will be hosted on MorphoSource, an open-access platform for storing and archiving 3D data, extending access to large-scale phenomic data in furtherance of the OVert research theme: the evolution of vertebrate morphological diversity. By providing natural-color data for 3D specimens, oBird will thus bring more accurate and realistic color analysis to research on plumage evolution, especially in the comparative context of an existing bird tree of life. New questions that will be enabled include research into the origins and evolution of bird plumage color and morphological novelty in beak dimensions and wing shape, enabling comparative evolutionary study of these important ecomorphological traits. oBird will integrate with a strong undergraduate research program in a large bird natural history collection at a small liberal arts college, providing training in digital technology and effects, biodiversity informatics, and museum collections.

Project Sponsor: Occidental Collect (NSF Award #2001652)

Principal Investigators: John McCormack (PI)

oMeso: Opening Mesoamerican Herpetofaunal Diversity to Whole Phenome Imaging

The oMeso project is a Partner to an Existing Network (PEN) award to the University of Colorado Museum of Natural History to join the openVertebrate (oVert) Thematic Content Network (TCN). oMeso expands upon oVert objectives by using 2D and 3D specimen imaging technologies to facilitate exploration of structural and functional diversity in Mesoamerican reptiles and amphibians. The unique ecology and geology of Mesoamerica has fostered the rapid evolution of multiple species adapted for a variety of habitats and life modes. Computed tomography (CT) scans of internal anatomy paired with high resolution photos of external traits will provide complimentary image datasets to create a novel resource for one of the world?s most hyperdiverse regions. Increased access to digital vouchers generated by oMeso will enable research spanning multiple disciplines, from evolutionary biology and ecology to biomechanics and conservation science. The project provides inclusive training opportunities for university students in curation, data dissemination, and cutting-edge museum technologies. Beyond its research value, the oMeso PEN aims to increase scientific literacy and public engagement around Mesoamerican herpetofaunal diversity through a year-long exhibit accompanied by a community lecture, K-12 programming, and open access lesson plans that incorporate project products.

oMeso will increase the taxonomic scope of the oVert TCN by adding 1100 species across 160 genera, additionally filling a phenotypic data gap in the digital biodiversity landscape pertaining to reptile and amphibian media. These data will broadly support analysis of the patterns and processes relating to evolution, adaptation, convergence, and comparative and functional morphology. Extensive regional sampling will drive investigations into ecomorphology along various environmental gradients, and targeting endemic species will uncover rare or cryptic phenotypes such as those belonging to narrowly distributed microhabitat specialists, endangered, threatened and extinct species, and miniaturized taxa found throughout Mesoamerica. oMeso will leverage existing oVert TCN workflows and digital infrastructure to optimize efficiency and standardize products. Roughly 10% of specimens will be prepared with contrast-enhancement to render soft tissue structures in scans. Resulting raw CT tomograms, 3D surface models, and photo-stacked images will be openly disseminated through MorphoSource and Arctos and integrate with iDigBio, linking project media to corresponding source specimen records and extended data products (e.g., genetic sequences, publications, symbionts). oMeso will bring together collaborators from the University of Colorado, the University of California, Berkeley, and the University of Florida, along with specimen contributions from seven museum institutions to develop this comprehensive and globally accessible whole phenome resource.

Project Sponsor: University of Colorado at Boulder (NSF Award #2001474)

Principal Investigators: Emily Braker

2021: BatPEN!—A Partnership to Facilitate Scientific Inquiry into the Vast Functional Trait Diversity of Phyllostomid Bats

Through the process of diversification, more organisms exist today than at any other time during the history of life. However, this biodiversity is not evenly distributed through space, time, or across the tree of life. Understanding phenotypic trait variability across taxa provides information that is valuable for answering some of the most fundamental questions in biology such as, what determines the relationship between form and function, how do different phenotypes facilitate coexistence across communities, or how has the evolution of phenotypic characteristics influenced the levels of biodiversity exhibited today? Variation in phenotypic traits forms the bedrock of understanding in much of ecology, evolution, and systematics. In partnership with the oVert TCN, the BatPEN! project will mobilize high-resolution phenotypic functional-trait data from the Neotropical bat family Phyllostomidae. The aim of BatPEN! is to increase the abundance of available functional trait data, create scientific infrastructure, and facilitate scientific inquiry into the most diverse family-level clade of mammals. Moreover, the project will fuel novel STEM training opportunities and enable major research avenues in ecology and evolutionary biology.

BatPEN! will generate about 1000 high-resolution computerized tomography (CT) scans of entire museum specimens to fill in representation of the 214 phyllostomid species with the aim to substantially compliment the one species per genus taxonomic coverage of oVert. This will also add additional novel coverage to oVert in two ways, first by including deeper intraspecific coverage of 5 taxa that phylogenetically span the higher-level monophyletic subclades of Phyllostomidae based on 10 individuals from each of 10 different sites distributed across the Neotropics, and second, by scanning ontogenetic series from three species exhibiting three different degrees of sexual dimorphism. Immediate educational and research impacts will occur by adherence to core data management protocols of the oVert-TCN, including hosting open phenotypic data on MorphoSource (morphosource.org) and seamlessly linking these data back to original specimens and other specimen-derived resources via iDigBio (idigbio.org). BatPEN! will facilitate museum-based scientific infrastructure through not just making digitized data streams available but by training the next generation of museum scientists. BatPEN! will be based at a Hispanic serving institution and will ensure direct involvement of under-represented groups in STEM. The project will draw undergraduates from Texas Tech’s ethnically diverse population to assist with research related to BatPEN! through the Center for the Integration of Stem Education and Research (CISER). In cooperation with the Museum Science and Heritage Graduate Program at Texas Tech, museum science students will be trained in curational/collections activities to contribute to the next generation of collection-based researchers and educators. In addition, a formal course will be offered entitled “Vertebrate Curational Techniques,” which will provide a hands-on approach to curation and collection activity.

This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.

Project Sponsor: Texas Tech University (NSF Award #2101909)

Principal Investigators: Richard Stevens (PI), David Blackburn (co-PI)

Publications from oVert TCN Team

Bardua, C., Bon, M., Fabre, A.-C., Clavel, J., Das, K., Herrel, A., Stanley, E.L., Blackburn, D.C., & Goswami, A. (2021). Size, microhabitat, and loss of larval feeding drive cranial diversification in frogs. Nature Communications, 12, 2503.

Bardua, C., Fabre, A.C., Bon, M., Das, K., Stanley, E.L., Blackburn, D.C., & Goswami, A. (2020). Evolutionary integration of the frog cranium. Evolution, 74, 1200–1215.

Bell, C.J., J.D. Daza, E.L. Stanley, and R.J. Laver. 2021. Unveiling the elusive: X‐rays bring scolecophidian snakes out of the dark. The Anatomical Record, 304, 2110–2117.

Blackburn, D.C., R.M. Keeffe, M.C. Vallejo-Pareja, and J. Vélez-Juarbe. (2020). The earliest record of Caribbean frogs: a fossil coquí from Puerto Rico. Biology Letters, 16, 20190947.

Blackburn, D.C., Morales, C.A.H., Paluh, D.J., & Stanley, E.L. (2021). Predation on a gymnopthlamid lizard by the Brazilian Dumpy Frog, Stereocyclops incrassatus (Microhylidae, Gastrophryninae). Herpetology Notes, 14, 847–849.

Bock, A., Doraiswamy, H., Summers, A., & Silva, C. (2018). Topoangler: Interactive topology-based extraction of fishes. IEEE transactions on visualization and computer graphics, 24(1), 812-821.

Bolet, A., Stanley, E.L., Daza, J.D., Arias, J.S., Čerňanský, A., Vidal-García, M., Bauer, A.M., Bevitt, J.J., Peretti, A., & Evans, S.E. (2021). Unusual morphology in the mid-Cretaceous lizard Oculudentavis. Current Biology, 31, 3303–3314.e3.

Boyer, D.M. & Harrington, A.R. (2018). Scaling of bony canals for encephalic vessels in euarchontans: Implications for the role of the vertebral artery and brain metabolism. Journal of Human Evolution, 114, 85-101.

Boyer, D.M., and A.R. Harrington. (2019). New estimates of blood flow rates in the vertebral artery of euarchontans and their implications for encephalic blood flow scaling: a response to Seymour and Snelling (2019). Journal of Human Evolution, 128, 93–98.

Boyer, D.M., Yapuncich, G.S., Dunham, N.T., McNamara, A., Shapiro, L.J., Hieronymus, T.L., & Young, J.W. (2019). My branch is your branch: Talar morphology correlates with relative substrate size in platyrrhines at Tiputini Biodiversity Station, Ecuador. Journal of Human Evolution, 133, 23-31.

Brodnicke, O.B., Hansen, C.E., Huie, J.M., Brandl, S.J., & Worsaae, K. (2022). Functional impact and trophic morphology of small, sand-sifting fishes on coral reefs. Functional Ecology. In press.

Buser, T.J., O.F. Boyd, Á. Cortés, C.M. Donatelli, M.A. Kolmann, J.L. Luparell, J.A. Pfeiffenberger, B.L. Sidlauskas, and A.P. Summers. (2020). The natural historian’s guide to the CT galaxy: step-by-step instructions for preparing and analyzing computed tomographic (CT) data using cross-platform, open access software. Integrative Organismal Biology, 2, obaa009.

Buser, T.J., Finnegan, D.L., Summers, A.P., & Kolmann, M.A. (2019). Have niche, will travel. New means of linking diet and ecomorphology reveals niche conservatism in freshwater cottoid fishes. Integrative Organismal Biology, 1, obz023.

Carr, E.M., A.P. Summers, and K.E. Cohen. (2021). The moment of tooth: rate, fate and pattern of Pacific lingcod dentition revealed by pulse-chase. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 288, 20211436.

Cohen, K.E., Weller, H.I., & Summers, A.P. (2020). Not your father’s homodonty—stress, tooth shape, and the functional homodont. Journal of Anatomy, 237, 837–848.

Cohen, K.E, Well, H.I., Westneat, M.W., & Summers, A.P. (2020). The evolutionary continuum of functional homodonty to heterodonty in the dentition of Halichoeres wrasses. Integrative and Comparative Biology, icaa137.

Conway, K.W, King, C. D. Summers A.P. Kim, D. Hastings, P.A. Moore, G.I. Iglésias, S.P Erdmann, M.V., Short, G. Fujiwara, K. Trnski, T. Voelker, G. and Rüber L. (2020). Molecular phylogenetics of the clingfishes (Teleostei: Gobiesocidae) – Implications for Classification. Copeia, 108, 886–906.

Conway, K.W., Mateos, M., & Vrijenhoek, R.C. (2019). A new species of the live-bearing fish genus Poeciliopsis from northern Mexico (Cyprinodontiformes, Poeciliidae). ZooKeys, 883, 91.

Conway, K.W., Moore, G.I., & Summers, A.P. (2019). A new genus and two new species of miniature clingfishes from temperate southern Australia (Teleostei, Gobiesocidae). ZooKeys, 864, 35.

Conway, K.W., Pinion, A.K., & Kottelat, M. (2021). Two new species of Pethia (Teleostei: Cyprinidae), representing asympatric species pair, from the Ayeyarwady drainage, Myanmar. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 69, 80–101.

Conway, K.W., K. Fujiwara, H. Motomura, and A.P. Summers. (2021). Erdmannichthys, a new genus of Gobiesocidae (Teleostei: Gobiesociformes), and notes on the rare clingfish E. alorensis (Allen & Erdmann, 2012), new combination. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 69, 428–437.

Conway, K.W., Stewart, A.L., & Summers, A.P. (2018). A new species of sea urchin associating clingfish of the genus Delllichthys from New Zealand (Teleostei, Gobeisocidae). ZooKeys, 740, 77–95.

Conway, K.W., Stewart, A.L., & Summers, A.P. (2018). A new genus and species of clingfish from the Rangitāhua Kermadec Islands of New Zealand (Teleostei: Gobiesocidae). ZooKeys, 786, 75–104.

Corn, K.A., Farina, S.C., Summers, A.P., & Gibb, A.C. (2018). Effects of organism and substrate size on burial mechanics of English sole, Parophrys vetulus. Journal of Experimental Biology, 221, jeb176131.

Crawford, C.H., Z.S. Randall, P.B. Hart, L.M. Page, P. Chakrabarty, A. Suvarnaraksha, and B.E. Flammang. (2020). Skeletal and muscular pelvic morphology of hillstream loaches (Cypriniformes: Balitoridae). Journal of Morphology, 281, 1280–1295.

Donatelli, C.M., Roberts, A.S., Scott, E., DeSmith, K., Summers, D., Abu-Bader, L., Baxter, D., Standen, E.M., Porter, M.E., Summers, A.P., & Tytell, E.D. (2021). Foretelling the flex—vertebral shape predicts behavior and ecology of fishes. Integrative and Comparative Biology, icab110.

Early, C.M., Iwaniuk, A.N., Ridgely, R.C., & Witmer, L.M. (2020). Endocast structures are reliable proxies for the sizes of corresponding regions of the brain in extant birds. Journal of Anatomy, 237, 1162–1176.

Early, C.M., R.C. Ridgely, and L.M. Witmer. (2020). Beyond endocasts: using predicted brain-structure volumes of extinct birds to assess neuroanatomical and behavioral inferences. Diversity, 12, 34.

Essner, R.L., Jr., R.E.E. Pereira, D.C. Blackburn, A.L. Singh, E.L. Stanley, M.O. Moura, A.E. Confetti, & M.R. Pie. (2022). Semicircular canal size constrains vestibular function in miniaturized frogs. Science Advances 8: eabn1104.

Fabre, A.-C., Bardua, C., Bon, M., Clavel, J., Felice, R.N., Streicher, J.W., Bonnel, J., Stanley, E.L., Blackburn, D.C., & Goswami, A. (2020). Metamorphosis shapes cranial diversity and rate of evolution in salamanders. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 4, 1129–1140.

Farina, S.C.,Knope, M.L., Corn, K.A., Summers, A.P., & Bemis, W.B. (2019). Functional coupling in the evolution of suction feeding and gill ventilation of sculpins (Perciformes: Cottoidei), Integrative and Comparative Biology, icz022.

Ferry, L.A., E.W. Paig-Tran, A.P. Summers, and K.F. Liem. (2019). Extreme premaxillary protrusion in the king-of-the-salmon, Trachipterus altivelis. Journal of Morphology, 280, 1865–1870.

Fricke, R., Z.S. Randall, and J.S. Maclaine. 2021. Western Atlantic spotted groupers (Teleostei: Serranidae: Epinephelinae): stabilisation of currently used scientific names by neotype designations. FishTaxa, 21, 28–59.

Fried, P., Woodward, J., Brown, D., Harvell, D., & Hanken, J. (2020). 3D scanning of antique glass by combining photography and computed tomography. Digital Applications in Archaeology and Cultural Heritage, 18, e00147.

Fujiwara, K., K.W. Conway, and H. Motomura. (2021). Description of a new genus and two new species of Indo-Pacific clingfishes (Gobiesocidae: Diademichthyinae) with redescription and reassignment of two species previously assigned to Lepadichthys Waite, 1904. Ichthyology & Herpetology, 109, 753–784.

Fujiwara, K., K.W. Conway, A.P. Summers, and H. Motomura. 2022. Rediagnosis of the monotypic genus Lepadicyathus Prokofiev 2005 (Gobiesocidae: Diademichthyinae) and redescription of Lepadicyathus minor (Briggs 1955), new combination. Ichthyolical Research https://doi.org/10.1007/s10228-021-00851-0

Gerringer, M.E., Dias, A.S., von Hagel, A.A., Orr, J.W., Summers, A.P., & Farina, S. (2021). Habitat influences skeletal morphology and density in the snailfishes (family Liparidae). Frontiers in Zoology, 18, 16.

Griffing, A.H., Sanger, T.J., Daza, J.D., Nielsen, S.V., Pinto, B.J., Stanley, E.L., & Gamble, T. (2019). Embryonic development of a parthenogenetic vertebrate, the mourning gecko (Lepidodactylus lugubris). Developmental Dynamics, 248, 1070–1090.

Hall, K.C., Hundt, P.J., Swenson, J.D., Summers, A.P., & Crow, K.D. (2018). The evolution of underwater flight: The redistribution of pectoral fin rays, in manta rays and their relatives (Myliobatidae). Journal of Morphology, 279,1155–1170.

Harrington, A.R., Kuzawa, C.W., & Boyer, D.M. (2019). Carotid foramen size in the human skull tracks developmental changes in cerebral blood flow and brain metabolism. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 169, 161–169.

Hastings, P. A., Eytan, R. and Summers, A.P. (2020). A new species of Acanthemblemaria from the Caribbean coast of South America with notes on Acanthemblemaria johnsoni (Teleostei: Chaenopsidae). Zootaxa, 4816, 209–216.

Hedrick, B.P., Heberling, J.M., Meineke, E.K., Turner, K.G., Grassa, C.J., Park, D.S., Kennedy, J., Clarke, J.A., Cook, J.A., Blackburn, D.C. & Edwards, S.V. (2020). Digitization and the future of natural history collections. BioScience, 70, 243–251.

Hilton, E.J., G.J. Watkins-Colwell, & S.K. Huber. (2021). The expanding role of natural history collections. Ichthyology & Herpetology, 109, 379–391.

Hoke, K.L., Adkins-Regan, E., Bass, A.H., McCune, A.R., & Wolfner, M.F. (2019). Co-opting evo-devo concepts for new insights into mechanisms of behavioural diversity. Journal of Experimental Biology, 222, jeb190058.

Hongjamrassilp, W., Summers, A.P., & Hastings, P.A. (2018). Heterochrony in fringeheads (Neoclinus) and amplification of an extraordinary aggressive display in the Sarcastic Fringehead (Teleostei: Blenniiformes). Journal of Morphology, 279, 626–635.

Huie, J.M., Summers, A.P., & Kolmann, M.A. (2019). Body shape separates guilds of rheophilic herbivores (Myleinae: Serrasalmidae) better than feeding morphology. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 166, 1-15.

Huie, J.M., Thacker, C., & Tornabene, L. (2019). Co‐evolution of cleaning and feeding morphology in the western Atlantic and eastern Pacific gobies. Evolution, 74, 419–433.

Hulsey, C.D., Cohen, K.E., Johanson, Z., Karagic, N., Meyer, A., Miller, C.T., Sadier, A., Summers, A.P., & Fraser, G.J. (2020). Grand challenges in comparative tooth biology. Integrative & Comparative Biology, 60, 563–580.

Ingle, D.N., & Porter, M.E. (2021). Microarchitecture of cetacean vertebral trabecular bone among swimming modes and diving behaviors. Journal of Anatomy, 238, 643–652.

Keeffe, R., & Blackburn, D.C. (2020). Comparative morphology of the humerus in forward-burrowing frogs. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 131, 291–303.

Keeffe, R., and D.C. Blackburn. (2022). Finite element modelling the mechanical properties of fused limb bones in anurans. Journal of Anatomy. In press.

Kolmann, M.A. K.E. Cohen, K. Bemis, A.P. Summers, Adam, F. Irish, and L.P. Hernandez (2019). Tooth and consequences: heterodonty and dental replacement in piranhas and pacus (Serrasalmidae). Evolution and Development, 21, 247-262.

Kolmann, M.A., J.M. Huie, K. Evans, & A.P. Summers. (2018). Specialized specialists and the narrow niche fallacy: a tale of scale-feeding fishes. Royal Society Open Science, 5, 171581.

Kolmann, M.A., T. Peixoto, J.A. Pfeiffenberger, A.P. Summers, & C.M. Donatelli. (2020). Swimming and defence: competing needs across ontogeny in armoured fishes (Agonidae). Journal of the Royal Society Interface, 17, 20200301.

Kruppert, S., Chu, F., Stewart, M.C., Schmitz, L., & Summers, A.P. (2020) Ontogeny and potential function of poacher armor (Actinopterygii: Agonidae). Journal of Morphology, 281, 1018–1028.

Kubicek, K.M., R. Britz, A.K. Pinion, L.M. Bower, and K.W. Conway. 2022. Three scleral ossicles in the West African Denticle herring Denticeps clupeoides (Clupeiformes: Denticepitidae). Journal of Fish Biology doi: 10.1111/jfb.14996.

Laver, R.J., Daza, J.D., Ellis, R.J, Stanley, E.L., & Bauer, A.M. (2021). Underground down under: skull anatomy of the southern blind snake Anilios australis Gray, 1845 (Typhlopidae: Serpentes: Squamata). Anatomical Record. In press.

Leão, M.D.V., Carvalho, T.P., Reis, R.E., & Wosiacki, W.B. (2019). A new species of Pseudobunocephalus Friel, 2008 (Siluriformes: Aspredinidae) from the lower Tocantins and Mearim river drainages, North and Northeast of Brazil. Zootaxa, 4586, 109–126.

Lemierre, A, and D.C. Blackburn. (2022). A new genus and species of frog the Kem Kem Beds (Morocco), the second neobatrachian from the Cretaceous of Africa. PeerJ 10: e13699.

Lewis, Z.R., Dorantes, J.A., & Hanken, J. (2018). Expression of a novel surfactant protein gene is associated with sites of extrapulmonary respiration in a lungless salamander. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 285, 20181589.

Lundberg, J.G., Hendrickson, D.A., Luckenbill, K.R. & Arce, M. (2017). Satan's skeleton revealed: a tomographic and comparative osteology of Satan eurystomus, the subterranean Widemouth Blindcat (Siluriformes, Ictaluridae). Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 165, 117-173.

Luparell. J.L., A.P. Summers, and T.J Buser. (2019). Digitizing North America’s fishes. American Currents, 44,14-16.

Marramà, G., & Carnevale, G. (2017). The relationships of "Gasteroclupea branisai" Signeux, 1964, a freshwater double-armored herring (Clupeomorpha, Ellimmicthyiformes) from the Late Cretaceous-Paleocene of South America. Historical Biology, 29, 904-917.

Matthews, T., Keeffe, R., & Blackburn, D.C. (2019) An identification guide to fossil frog assemblages of southern Africa based on ilia of extant taxa. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 283, 46–57.

Mattox, G.M.T., Kubicek, K.M., & Britz, R. (2022).Notes on the skeletal anatomy of Priocharax ariel Weitzman & Vari, 1987 with implications for its taxonomy (Teleostei: Characiformes). Zootaxa 5138: 597–599.

McFarland, E.P., Baldwin, C.C., Robertson, D.R., Rocha, L.A., & Tornabene, L. (2020). A new species of Chromis damselfish from the tropical western Atlantic (Teleostei, Pomacentridae). ZooKeys, 1008, 107–128.

Page, L.M., J.M. Pfeiffer, S. Suksri, Z.S. Randall, and D.A. Boyd (2020). Variation in the Arrow Loach, Nemacheilus masyae (Cypriniformes: Nemacheilidae), in mainland southeast Asia with description of a new species. Copeia, 108, 392–402.

Page, L.M., Ray, B.C., Tongnunui, S., Boyd, D.A., & Randall, Z.S. (2019). Garra surinbinnani, a new species of labeonine from the Mae Khlong basin of Thailand (Teleostei: Cyprinidae). Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 1–15.

Paluh, D.J., W.A. Dillard, E.L. Stanley, G.J. Fraser, and D.C. Blackburn. (2021). Re-evaluating the morphological evidence for the re-evolution of lost mandibular teeth in frogs. Evolution 75: 3203–3213.

Paluh, D.J., Riddell, K., Early, CM., Hantak, M.M., Jongsma, G.F.M., Keeffe, R.M., Magalhães Silva, F., Nielsen, S.V., Vallejo-Pareja, M.C., Stanley, E.L., & Blackburn, D.C. (2021). Rampant tooth loss across 200 million years of frog evolution. eLife, 10, e66926.

Paluh, D.J., Stanley, E.L., & Blackburn, D.C. (2020). Evolution of hyperossification expands skull diversity in frogs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 117, 8554-8562.

Parra Olea, G., M.G. Garcia-Castillo, S.M. Rovito, J. Maisano, J. Hanken, & D.B. Wake. (2020). Descriptions of five new species of the salamander genus Chiropterotriton (Caudata: Plethodontidae) from eastern Mexico and the status of three currently recognized taxa. PeerJ, 8, e8800.

Poo, S., S.M. Whitfield, A. Shepack, G.J. Watkins-Colwell, G. Nelson, J. Goodwin, A. Bogisich, P.L.R. Brennan, J. D’Agostino, M. Koo, J.R. Mendelson III, R. Snyder, S. Wilson, G.P. Aronsen, A.C. Bentley, D.C. Blackburn, M.R. Borths, M.L. Campbell, D.A. Conde, J.A. Cook, J.D. Daza, D.P. Dembiec, J.L. Dunnum, C.M. Early, A. Ferguson, A. Greene, R. Guralnick, C. Janney, D. Johnson, F. Knightly, S. Poulin, L. Rocha, P.S. Soltis, B. Thiers, and P. Chakrabarty. 2022. Bridging the research gap between live collections in zoos and preserved collections in natural history museums. BioScience 72: 449–460.

Prestridge, H.L., & Conway, K.L. (2019). TCWC – The Collection of Fishes at the Biodiversity Research and Teaching Collections, Texas A&M University. Boletim Sociedade Brasileira de Ictiologia, 129, 121-124.

Robins, R.H., Brown, M.E., & Crutchfield, R.A. (2020). Identification of acara (Cichlidae: Cichlasoma) established in Florida, USA. BioInvasions Record, 9, 133-145.

Rutledge, K.M., Summers, A.P., & Kolmann, M.A. (2019). Killing them softly: Ontogeny of jaw mechanics and stiffness in mollusk‐feeding freshwater stingrays. Journal of Morphology, 280, 796–808.

Sabaj, M.H. (2020). Codes for natural history collections in ichthyology and herpetology. Copeia, 108, 593–669.

Stocker, M.R., Nesbitt, S.J., Kligman, B.T., Paluh, D.J., Marsh, A.D., Blackburn, D.C., & Parker, W.G. (2019). The earliest equatorial record of frogs from the Late Triassic of Arizona. Biology Letters, 15, 20180922.

Štrus, J., M. Tušek-Žnidarič, U. Repnik, A. Blejec, and A.P. Summers (2019) Microscopy of crustacean cuticle: formation of a flexible extracellular matrix in moulting sea slaters Ligia pallasii. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 99, 857-865.

Vigle, G.O., Coloma, L.A., Santos, J.C., Hernandez-Nieto, S., Ortega-Andrade, H.M., Paluh, D.J., & Read, M. (2020). A new species of Leucostethus (Anura: Dendrobatidae) from the Cordillera Mache-Chindul in northwestern Ecuador, with comments on similar Colostethus and Hyloxalus. Zootaxa, 4896, 342–372.

Vijayakumar, S.P., Pyron, R.A., Dinesh, K.P., Torsekar, V.R., Srikanthan, A.N., Swamy, P., Stanley, E.L., Blackburn, D.C., & Shanker, K. (2019). A new ancient lineage of frog (Anura: Nyctibatrachidae: Astrobatrachinae subfam. nov.) endemic to the Western Ghats of Peninsular India. PeerJ, 7.

Watkins-Colwell, G.J., Love, K., Randall, Z., Boyer, D.M., Winchester, J.M., Stanley, E.L., & Blackburn, D.C. (2018). The Walking Dead: status report, data workflow and best practices of the oVert Thematic Collections Network. Biodiversity Information Science and Standards, 2, e26078.

Weinell, J.L., Paluh, D.J., Siler, C.D., & Brown, R.M. (2020). A new, miniaturized genus and species of snake (Lamprophiidae: Cyclocorinae) from the Philippines. Copeia, 108, 907–923.

Weinell, J.L., Paluh, D.J., Singh, A.L., Blackburn, D.C., & Brown, R.M. (2019). Myersophis alpestris (Myers' Mountain Snake. Reproduction. Herpetological Review, 50, 164-165.

Westeen, E.P., Durso, A.M., Grundler, M.C., Rabosky, D.L., & Rabosky, A.R. (2020). What makes a fang? Phylogenetic and ecological controls on tooth evolution in rear-fanged snakes. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 20, 80.

Womack, M.C., E. Steigerwald, D.C. Blackburn, D.C. Cannatella, A. Catenazzi, J. Che, M.S. Koo, J.A. McGuire, S. Ron, C. Spencer, V.T. Vredenburg, and R.D. Tarvin. (2021, December 16). State of Amphibia 2020: Five years of amphibian research, diversity and resources. EcoEvoRxiv Preprints. https://doi.org/10.32942/osf.io/r9qga

Woodruff, E.C., J.M. Huie, A.P. Summers, and K.E. Cohen. 2021. Pacific Spiny Lumpsucker armor‐development, damage, and defense in the intertidal. Journal of Morphology.

Yapuncich, G.S., Feng, H.J., Dunn, R.H., Seiffert, E.R., & Boyer, D.M. (2019). Vertical support use and primate origins. Scientific reports, 9, 1-10.

Yapuncich, G.S., Kemp, A.D., Griffith, D.M., Gladman, J.T., Ehmke, E., & Boyer, D.M. (2019). A digital collection of rare and endangered lemurs and other primates from the Duke Lemur Center. PLoS ONE, 14, e0219411.

Yopak, K.E., Carrier, J.C., & Summers, A.P. (2018). Imaging technologies in the field and laboratory. In Shark Research: Emerging Technologies and Applications for the Field and Laboratory. J.C. Carrier & M.R. Heithaus, eds.

Other Publications using oVert Data

Apesteguía, S., Garberoglio, F.F. and Gómez, R.O., (2021). Earliest Tuatara relative (Lepidosauria: Sphenodontinae) from southern continents. Ameghiniana, 58, 416-441.

Báez, A. M., and R. O. Gómez. (2019). Redescription of the overlooked basal frog Wealdenbatrachus reveals increased diversity among Early Cretaceous anurans. Cretaceous Research, 99, 14–29.

Báez, A.M., Muzzopappa, P. and de Moura, G.J.B., (2021). The earliest records of pipimorph frogs from South America (Aptian, Crato Formaton, Brazil): A critical evaluation. Cretaceous Research, 121, 104728.

Barcelos, L.A. and Verdade, V.K., (2020). Reassessment of a fossil specimen of Rhinella marina (Linnaeus, 1758)(Anura: Bufonidae), from Early Pleistocene of Bolivia. Zootaxa, 4830, 392-400.

Barger, N., Martín, J.S., Boyle, E.K., Richmond, M. and Diogo, R., (2021). The Visible Ape Project: A free, comprehensive, web‐based anatomical atlas for scientists and veterinarians designed to raise public awareness about apes. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews.

Bernal, M.A., Dixon, G.B., Matz, M.V. and Rocha, L.A., (2019). Comparative transcriptomics of sympatric species of coral reef fishes (genus: Haemulon). PeerJ, 7, e6541.

Bjarnason, A. and Benson, R.B.J., (2021). A 3D geometric morphometric dataset quantifying skeletal variation in birds. MorphoMuseuM, 7.

Bourke, J.M., Fontenot, N. and Holliday, C., (2021). Septal deviation in the nose of the longest faced crocodylian: A description of nasal anatomy and airflow in the Indian gharial (Gavialis gangeticus) with comments on acoustics. The Anatomical Record.

Bowman, C.I., Young, M.T., Schwab, J.A., Walsh, S., Witmer, L.M., Herrera, Y., Choiniere, J., Dollman, K.N. and Brusatte, S.L., (2021). Rostral neurovasculature indicates sensory trade‐offs in Mesozoic pelagic crocodylomorphs. The Anatomical Record.

Britz, R., Dahanukar, N., Anoop, V.K., Philip, S., Clark, B., Raghavan, R. and Rüber, L., (2020). Aenigmachannidae, a new family of snakehead fishes (Teleostei: Channoidei) from subterranean waters of South India. Scientific reports, 10, 1-14.

Buckley, M., Pinsonneault, M., Brassey, C. and Rolett, B., (2021). High-throughput microCT and ZooMS collagen fingerprinting of Scombrid bone from the Marquesas Islands. Journal of Archaeological Science, 136, 105475.

de Buffrénil, V., de Muizon, C., Dumont, M., Laurin, M. and Lambert, O., Diversity of Bone Microstructure in Mammals. In Vertebrate Skeletal Histology and Paleohistology (pp. 564-614). CRC Press.

Buttimer, S.M., Stepanova, N. and Womack, M.C., (2020). Evolution of the unique anuran pelvic and hind limb skeleton in relation to microhabitat, locomotor mode, and jump performance. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 60, 1330-1345.

Candioti, F.V., Goldberg, J., Akmentins, M.S., Costa, P.N., Taucce, P.P.G. and Pombal, J., (2020). Skeleton in the closet: hidden diversity in patterns of cranial and postcranial ontogeny in Neotropical direct-developing frogs (Anura: Brachycephaloidea). Organisms Diversity & Evolution, 20, 763-783.

Capobianco, A., Foreman, E. and Friedman, M., (2021). A Paleocene (Danian) marine osteoglossid (Teleostei, Osteoglossomorpha) from the Nuussuaq Basin of Greenland, with a brief review of Palaeogene marine bonytongue fishes. Papers in Palaeontology, 7, 625-640.

Capobianco, A., Beckett, H.T., Steurbaut, E., Gingerich, P.D., Carnevale, G. and Friedman, M., (2020). Large-bodied sabre-toothed anchovies reveal unanticipated ecological diversity in early Palaeogene teleosts. Royal Society Ppen Science, 7, 192260.

Carvalho, T.P. and Reis, R.E., (2020). A new miniature species of Acanthobunocephalus (Silurifomes: Aspredinidae) from the Lower Purus River Basin, Amazon Basin, Brazil. Copeia, 108, 347-357.

Čerňanský, A., and E. L. Stanley. (2019). The atlas-axis complex in Dibamidae (Reptilia: Squamata) and their potential relatives: The effect of a fossorial lifestyle on the morphology of this skeletal bridge. Journal of Morphology, 280, 1777–1797.

Čerňanský, A. and Syromyatnikova, E.V., (2019). The first Miocene fossils of Lacerta cf. trilineata (Squamata, Lacertidae) with a comparative study of the main cranial osteological differences in green lizards and their relatives. PloS One, 14, e0216191.

Čerňanský, A., Syromyatnikova, E.V., Kovalenko, E.S., Podurets, K.M. and Kaloyan, A.A., (2020). The key to understanding the European Miocene Chalcides (Squamata, Scincidae) comes from Asia: the lizards of the East Siberian Tagay locality (Baikal lake) in Russia. The Anatomical Record, 303, 1901-1934.

Clement, A.M., Mensforth, C.L., Challands, T.J., Collin, S.P. and Long, J.A., (2021). Brain Reconstruction Across the Fish-Tetrapod Transition; Insights From Modern Amphibians. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 9, 160.

Cleuren, S.G., Patterson, M.B., Hocking, D.P., Warburton, N.M. and Evans, A.R., (2022). Fang shape varies with ontogeny and sex in the venomous elapid snake Pseudonaja affinis. Journal of Morphology.

Cleuren, S.G., Hocking, D.P. and Evans, A.R., (2021). Fang evolution in venomous snakes: Adaptation of 3D tooth shape to the biomechanical properties of their prey. Evolution.

Condez, T.H., Monteiro, J.P., Malagoli, L.R., Trevine, V.C., Schunck, F., Garcia, P.C. and Haddad, C.F., (2021). Notes on the hyperossified pumpkin toadlets of the genus Brachycephalus (Anura: Brachycephalidae) with the description of a new species. Herpetologica, 77, 176-194.

Conith, AJ, and Albertson, RC, (2021). The cichlid oral and pharyngeal jaws are evolutionarily and genetically coupled. Nature Communications, 12, 5477.

Cowgill, T., Young, M.T., Schwab, J.A., Walsh, S., Witmer, L.M., Herrera, Y., Dollman, K.N., Choiniere, J.N. and Brusatte, S.L., (2021). Paranasal sinus system and upper respiratory tract evolution in Mesozoic pelagic crocodylomorphs. The Anatomical Record.

Cowgill, T., Young Fls, M.T., Schwab, J.A., Walsh, S., Witmer, L.M., Herrera, Y., Dollman, K.N., Turner, A.H. and Brusatte, S.L., (2022). Cephalic salt gland evolution in Mesozoic pelagic crocodylomorphs. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society.

Crawford, C.H., Webber-Schultz, A., Hart, P.B., Randall, Z.S., Cerrato-Morales, C., Kellogg, A.B., Amplo, H.E., Suvarnaraksha, A., Page, L.M., Chakrabarty, P. and Flammang, B.E., (2022). They like to move it (move it): walking kinematics of balitorid loaches of Thailand. Journal of Experimental Biology, 225, jeb242906.

Daza, J.D., Bauer, A.M., Stanley, E.L., Bolet, A., Dickson, B. and Losos, J.B., (2018). An enigmatic miniaturized and attenuate whole lizard from the Mid-Cretaceous amber of Myanmar. Breviora, 563, 1-18.

Dong L, Wang Y-Q, Zhao Q, Vasilyan D, Wang Y, Evans SE. (2022) A new stem-varanid lizard (Reptilia, Squamata) from the early Eocene of China. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.(2021).0041

Dudgeon, T.W., M.C.H. Livius, N. Alfonso, S. Tessier, & J.C. Mallon. (2021). A new model of forelimb ecomorphology for predicting the ancient habitats of fossil turtles. Ecology and Evolution, 11, 17071-17079. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.8345.

Dudgeon, T.W., H.C. Maddin, D.C. Evans, & J.C. Mallon. (2020). The internal cranial anatomy of Champsosaurus (Choristodera: Champsosauridae): Implications for neurosensory function. Scientific Reports, 10, 7122. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-63956-y

Engelkes, K., (2021). Accuracy of bone segmentation and surface generation strategies analyzed by using synthetic CT volumes. Journal of Anatomy, 238, 1456-1471.

Engelkes, K., Panpeng, S. and Haas, A., (2021). Ontogenetic development of the shoulder joint muscles in frogs (Amphibia: Anura) assessed by digital dissection with implications for interspecific muscle homologies and nomenclature. Zoomorphology, 140, 119-142.

Engelkes, K., Kath, L., Kleinteich, T., Hammel, J.U., Beerlink, A. and Haas, A., (2020). Ecomorphology of the pectoral girdle in anurans (Amphibia, Anura): Shape diversity and biomechanical considerations. Ecology and evolution, 10, 11467-11487.

Entiauspe-Neto, O.M., Abegg, A.D., Koch, C., Nuñez, L.P., Azevedo, W.D.S., Moraes, L.J., Tiutenko, A., Bialves, T.S. and Loebmann, D., (2021). A new species of Erythrolamprus (Serpentes: Dipsadidae: Xenodontini) from the savannas of northern South America. Salamandra, 57, 196-218.

Erb, A. and Turner, A.H., (2021). Braincase anatomy of the Paleocene crocodyliform Rhabdognathus revealed through high resolution computed tomography. PeerJ, 9, e11253.

Evans, K.M., Larouche, O., Watson, S.J., Farina, S., Habegger, M.L. and Friedman, M., (2021). Integration drives rapid phenotypic evolution in flatfishes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118.

Fabre, A.C., Dowling, C., Portela Miguez, R., Fernandez, V., Noirault, E. and Goswami, A., (2021). Functional constraints during development limit jaw shape evolution in marsupials. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 288, 0319.

Folly, M., de Luna‐Dias, C., Miguel, I.R., Ferreira Jr, J.C., Machado, A., Tadeu Lopes, R. and Pombal Jr, J.P., (2021). Tiny steps towards greater knowledge: An osteological review with novel data on the Atlantic Forest toadlets of the Brachycephalus ephippium species group. Acta Zoologica.

Fouquet, A., Leblanc, K., Fabre, A.C., Rodrigues, M.T., Menin, M., Courtois, E.A., Dewynter, M., Hölting, M., Ernst, R., Peloso, P. and Kok, P.J., (2021). Comparative osteology of the fossorial frogs of the genus Synapturanus (Anura, Microhylidae) with the description of three new species from the Eastern Guiana Shield. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 293, 46-73.

Fouquet, A., Leblanc, K., Framit, M., Réjaud, A., Rodrigues, M.T., Castroviejo-Fisher, S., Peloso, P.L., Prates, I., Manzi, S., Suescun, U. and Baroni, S., (2021). Species diversity and biogeography of an ancient frog clade from the Guiana Shield (Anura: Microhylidae: Adelastes, Otophryne, Synapturanus) exhibiting spectacular phenotypic diversification. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 132, 233-256.

Ford, K.L. and Albert, J.S., (2022). Is the medium the message? Functional diversity across abiotic gradients in freshwater electric fishes. Integrative and Comparative Biology.

Gomes, D.F., Azevedo, J., Murta-Fonseca, R., Faurby, S., Antonelli, A. and Passos, P., (2020). Taxonomic revision of the genus Xenopholis Peters, 1869 (Serpentes: Dipsadidae): Integrating morphology with ecological niche. PloS one, 15(12), e0243210.

Gómez, R.O. and Turazzini, G.F., (2021). The fossil record and phylogeny of South American horned frogs (Anura, Ceratophryidae). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 19, 91-130.

Gómez, R.O. and Pérez-Ben, C.M., (2019). Fossils reveal long-term continuous and parallel innovation in the sacro-caudo-pelvic complex of the highly aquatic pipid frogs. Frontiers in Earth Science, 7, 56.

Gorin, V.A., Scherz, M.D., Korost, D.V. and Poyarkov, N.A., (2021). Consequences of parallel miniaturisation in Microhylinae (Anura, Microhylidae), with the description of a new genus of diminutive South East Asian frogs. Zoosystematics and Evolution, 97, 21.

Griffing, L. (2022). Imaging Life: Image Analysis, Biomedical Imaging, and Microscopy. Wiley Press. ISBN 978-1-119-94920-6.

Grinham, L.R. and Norman, D.B., (2020). The pelvis as an anatomical indicator for facultative bipedality and substrate use in lepidosaurs. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 129, 398-413.

Grinham, L.R. and Norman, D.B., (2020). The relationship between body shape, body size and locomotor mode in extant lepidosaurs. Journal of zoology, 311, 183-193.

Gurgis, G.P., Daza, J.D., Brennan, I.G., Hutchinson, M., Bauer, A.M., Stocker, M.R. and Olori, J.C., (2021). Ecomorphometric analysis of diversity in cranial shape of pygopodid geckos. Integrative Organismal Biology.

Haas, A., Schwippert, S., Buesse, S., Kleinteich, T., Beerlink, A., Hammel, J., Gorb, S. and Engelkes, K., (2021). Anomalies in the vertebral column and ilio-sacral articulation of some anuran amphibians. Salamandra, 57, 53-64.

Henrici, A.C., Druschke, P., Hilton, R.P. and Bonde, J.W., (2018). Redescription and phylogenetic reassessment of the enigmatic anuran Eorubeta nevadensis (Amphibia) based on new specimens from? latest Cretaceous–Paleocene beds of the Sheep Pass Formation, Nevada. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 38, e1510413.

Hernández, A.C., Bolet, A., Torices, A. and Pérez-García, A., (2022). Identification of a large anguimorph lizard (Reptilia, Squamata) by an articulated hindlimb from the upper Maastrichtian (Upper Cretaceous) of Basturs-1 (Lleida, Spain). Cretaceous Research, 131, 105094.

Herrel, A., O’Reilly, J.C., Fabre, A.C., Bardua, C., Lowie, A., Boistel, R. and Gorb, S.N., (2019). Feeding in amphibians: evolutionary transformations and phenotypic diversity as drivers of feeding system diversity. In Feeding in Vertebrates (pp. 431-467). Springer, Cham.

Herrel, A., Lowie, A., Miralles, A., Gaucher, P., Kley, N.J., Measey, J. and Tolley, K.A., (2021). Burrowing in blindsnakes: A preliminary analysis of burrowing forces and consequences for the evolution of morphology. The Anatomical Record.

Holloway, R. L. (2018). On the Making of Endocasts: The New and the Old in Paleoneurology. Pp. 1–8 in E. Bruner, N. Ogihara, and H. C. Tanabe, eds. Digital Endocasts: From Skulls to Brains. Springer Japan, Tokyo.

Iijima, M., Qiao, Y., Lin, W., Peng, Y., Yoneda, M., and Liu, J. (2022). An intermediate crocodylian linking two extant gharials from the Bronze Age of China and its human-induced extinction. Proceedings of the Royal Society, B, 289, https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.(2022).0085

Jia, J., Anderson, J.S. and Gao, K.Q., (2021). Middle Jurassic stem hynobiids from China shed light on the evolution of basal salamanders. iScience, 24, 102744.

Kok, P.J., Van Der Velden, M.A., Means, D.B., Ratz, S., Josipovic, I., Boone, M. and McDiarmid, R.W., (2020). Coping with the extremes: comparative osteology of the tepui-associated toad Oreophrynella and its bearing on the evolution of osteological novelties in the genus. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 190(1), 114-139.

Kuzmin, I.T., Boitsova, E.A., Gombolevskiy, V.A., Mazur, E.V., Morozov, S.P., Sennikov, A.G., Skutschas, P.P. and Sues, H.D., (2021). Braincase anatomy of extant Crocodylia, with new insights into the development and evolution of the neurocranium in crocodylomorphs. Journal of Anatomy, 239, 983-1038.

Lara, F.S. and Gómez, R.O., (2022). In the shadow of dinosaurs: Late Cretaceous frogs are distinct components of a widespread tetrapod assemblage across Argentinean and Chilean Patagonia. Cretaceous Research, 131, 105085.

Leão, M.D.V., Carvalho, T.P., Reis, R.E. and Wosiacki, W.B., (2019). A new species of Pseudobunocephalus Friel, 2008 (Siluriformes: Aspredinidae) from the lower Tocantins and Mearim river drainages, North and Northeast of Brazil. Zootaxa, 4586, 109-126.

Ledesma, D.T., Scarpetta, S.G. and Bell, C.J., (2021). Variation in the skulls of Elgaria and Gerrhonotus (Anguidae, Gerrhonotinae) and implications for phylogenetics and fossil identification. PeerJ, 9, e11602.

Lemierre, A., Folie, A., Bailon, S., Robin, N. and Laurin, M., (2021). From toad to frog, a CT-based reconsideration of Bufo servatus, an Eocene anuran mummy from Quercy (France). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 41, e1989694.

Lennie, K.I., Manske, S.L., Mansky, C.F. and Anderson, J.S., (2021). Locomotory behaviour of early tetrapods from Blue Beach, Nova Scotia, revealed by novel microanatomical analysis. Royal Society Open Science, 8(5), 210281.

López-Torres, S., K. R. Selig, A. M. Burrows, and M. T. Silcox. (2020). The toothcomb of Karanisia clarki: was this species an exudate-feeder? Pp. 67–75 in K. A. I. Nekaris and A. M. Burrows, eds. Evolution, Ecology and Conservation of Lorises and Pottos. Cambridge University Press.

López-Torres, S., and M. T. Silcox. (2020). What we know (and don’t know) about the fossil records of lorisids. Pp. 33–46 in K. A. I. Nekaris and A. M. Burrows, eds. Evolution, Ecology and Conservation of Lorises and Pottos. Cambridge University Press.

Lowie, A., De Kegel, B., Wilkinson, M., Measey, J., O'Reilly, J.C., Kley, N.J., Gaucher, P., Brecko, J., Kleinteich, T., Adriaens, D. and Herrel, A., (2022). The relationship between head shape, head musculature and bite force in caecilians (Amphibia: Gymnophiona). Journal of Experimental Biology, 225, jeb243599.

Lowie, A., De Kegel, B., Wilkinson, M., Measey, J., O'Reilly, J.C., Kley, N.J., Gaucher, P., Brecko, J., Kleinteich, T., Van Hoorebeke, L. and Herrel, A., (2021). Under pressure: the relationship between cranial shape and burrowing force in caecilians (Gymnophiona). Journal of Experimental Biology, 224, jeb242964.

Macaluso, L., Villa, A. and Mörs, T., (2021). A new proteid salamander (Urodela, Proteidae) from the middle Miocene of Hambach (Germany) and implications for the evolution of the family. Palaeontology.

McCartney, J.A., Bouchard, S.N., Reinhardt, J.A., Roberts, E.M., O'connor, P.M., Mtelela, C. and Stevens, N.J., (2021). The oldest lamprophiid (Serpentes, Caenophidia) fossil from the late Oligocene Rukwa Rift Basin, Tanzania and the origins of African snake diversity. Geobios, 66, 67-75.

Molnar, J.L., (2021). Variation in Articular Cartilage Thickness Among Extant Salamanders and Implications for Limb Function in Stem Tetrapods. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 9, 285.

Means, D.B., Lamb, J.Y. and Bernardo, J., (2017). A new species of dusky salamander (Amphibia: Plethodontidae: Desmognathus) from the Eastern Gulf Coastal Plain of the United States and a redescription of D. auriculatus. Zootaxa, 4263(3), 467-506.

Montes-Correa, A.C., Saboyá-Acosta, L.P., Jiménez-Bolaño, J.D., Angarita-Sierra, T., Briceño-Pérez, V., Núñez, S., Renjifo, J.M., Schargel, W.E., Daza, J.D. and Hoogmoed, M.S., (2021). Extended diagnosis of the type species of Pseudogonatodes Ruthven 1915 (Gekkota: Sphaerodactylidae). Zootaxa, 4915, 041-059.

Mörs, T., Reguero, M. and Vasilyan, D., (2020). First fossil frog from Antarctica: implications for Eocene high latitude climate conditions and Gondwanan cosmopolitanism of Australobatrachia. Scientific reports, 10, 1-11.

Murphy, C.T., Müller, R. and Jung, S., (2022). Sample digitization techniques for bio-inspired engineering. In Biomimicry for Materials, Design and Habitats (pp. 215-246). Elsevier.

Nečas, T., Badjedjea, G., Vopálenský, M. and Gvoždík, V., (2021). Congolius, a new genus of African reed frog endemic to the central Congo: A potential case of convergent evolution. Scientific Reports, 11, 1-14.

Newton, A.H., V. Weisbecker, A.J. Pask, and C.A. Hipsley. (2021). Ontogenetic origins of cranial convergence between the extinct marsupial thylacine and placental gray wolf. Communications Biology, 4, 51.

Nojiri, T., Wilson, L.A., López-Aguirre, C., Tu, V.T., Kuratani, S., Ito, K., Higashiyama, H., Son, N.T., Fukui, D., Sadier, A. and Sears, K.E., (2021). Embryonic evidence uncovers convergent origins of laryngeal echolocation in bats. Current Biology, 31, pp.1353-1365.

Peredo, C.M., Pyenson, N.D., and Uhen, M.D. (2022). Lateral palatal foramina do not indicate baleen in fossil whales. Scientific Reports, 12, 11448.

Pereyra, M.O., Blotto, B.L., Baldo, D., Chaparro, J.C., Ron, S.R., Elias-Costa, A.J., Iglesias, P.P., Venegas, P.J., Thomé, M.T.C., Ospina-Sarria, J.J. and Maciel, N.M., (2021). Evolution in the genus Rhinella: a total evidence phylogenetic analysis of neotropical true toads (Anura: Bufonidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 447, 1-156.

Pochat‐Cottilloux, Y., Martin, J.E., Jouve, S., Perrichon, G., Adrien, J., Salaviale, C., de Muizon, C., Cespedes, R. and Amiot, R., (2021). The neuroanatomy of Zulmasuchus querejazus (Crocodylomorpha, Sebecidae) and its implications for the paleoecology of sebecosuchians. The Anatomical Record.

Ponssa, M.L. and Abdala, V., (2020). Sesamoids in Caudata and Gymnophiona (Lissamphibia): absences and evidence. PeerJ, 8, e10595.

Pritchard, A.C., Sues, H.D., Scott, D. and Reisz, R.R., (2021). Osteology, relationships and functional morphology of Weigeltisaurus jaekeli (Diapsida, Weigeltisauridae) based on a complete skeleton from the Upper Permian Kupferschiefer of Germany. PeerJ, 9, e11413.

Ryerson, W.G. and Van Valkenburg, T., (2021). Linking tooth shape to strike mechanics in the Boa constrictor. Integrative and Comparative Biology.

Salomies, L., Eymann, J., Ollonen, J., Khan, I. and Di-Poï, N., (2021). The developmental origins of heterodonty and acrodonty as revealed by reptile dentitions. Science Advances, 7, eabj7912.

Scanferla A & KT Smith. (2020). Additional anatomical information on the Eocene minute boas Messelophis variatus and Rieppelophis ermannorum (Messel Formation, Germany). Vertebrate Zoology, 70, 615-620.

Scanferla A & KT Smith. (2020). Exquisitely preserved fossil snakes of Messel: Insight into the evolution, biogeography, habitat preferences and sensory ecology of early boas. Diversity 12, 100.

Scanferla A. In press. A glimpse into the evolution of the ophidian brain. In: The Origin and Early Evolution of Snakes, D. Gower, H. Zaher (eds), Systematics Association Special Volume Series. Cambridge University press.

Sekits, N, Tunnell-Wilson W, and Jackson, K. (2022). Digging adaptations evolved independently in two lineages of psammophiid snake: evidence from cranial morphology. African Journal of Herpetology, https://doi.org/10.1080/21564574.(2022).2062459.

Smith KT & A Scanferla. (2021). More than one large constrictor snake lurked around paleolake Messel. Palaeontographica A (early view).

Scarpetta, S.G., (2020). Unusual lizard fossil from the Miocene of Nebraska and a minimum age for cnemidophorine teiids. Royal Society Open Science, 7, 200317.

Schramer, T.D., Rautsaw, R.M., Bayona-Serrano, J.D., Nystrom, G.S., West, T.R., Ortiz-Medina, J.A., Sabido-Alpuche, B., Meneses-Millán, M., Borja, M., Junqueira-de-Azevedo, I.L. and Rokyta, D.R., (2022). An integrative view of the toxic potential of Conophis lineatus (Dipsadidae: Xenodontinae), a medically relevant rear-fanged snake. Toxicon, 205, 38-52.

Schwab, J.A., Young, M.T., Walsh, S.A., Witmer, L.M., Herrera, Y., Brochu, C.A., Butler, I.B. and Brusatte, S.L., (2021). Ontogenetic variation in the crocodylian vestibular system. Journal of Anatomy.

Schwab, J.A., Young, M.T., Walsh, S.A., Witmer, L.M., Herrera, Y., Timmons, Z.L., Butler, I.B. and Brusatte, S.L., (2022). ‘Ear stones’ in crocodylians: a cross-species comparative and ontogenetic survey of otolith structures. Royal Society Open Science, 9, 211633.

Schwarz, D., Fedler, M.T., Lukas, P. and Kupfer, A., (2021). Form and function of the feeding apparatus of sirenid salamanders (Caudata: Sirenidae): Three-dimensional chewing and herbivory?. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 295, 99-116.

Selig, K.R., Khalid, W. and Silcox, M.T., (2021). Mammalian molar complexity follows simple, predictable patterns. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118.

Serrano-Martínez, A., Knoll, F., Narváez, I., Lautenschlager, S. and Ortega, F., (2019). Inner skull cavities of the basal eusuchian Lohuecosuchus megadontos (Upper Cretaceous, Spain) and neurosensorial implications. Cretaceous Research, 93, 66-77.

Serrano-Martínez, A., Knoll, F., Narváez, I. and Ortega, F., (2019). Brain and pneumatic cavities of the braincase of the basal alligatoroid Diplocynodon tormis (Eocene, Spain). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 39(1), e1572612.

Serrano‐Martínez, A., Knoll, F., Narváez, I., Lautenschlager, S. and Ortega, F., (2021). Neuroanatomical and neurosensorial analysis of the Late Cretaceous basal eusuchian Agaresuchus fontisensis (Cuenca, Spain). Papers in Palaeontology, 7, 641-656.

Shaheen, J., Mudd, A.B., Diekwisch, T.G. and Abramyan, J., (2021). Pseudogenized amelogenin reveals early tooth loss in true toads (Anura: Bufonidae). Integrative and Comparative Biology.

Shono, T., A.P. Thiery, R.L. Cooper, D. Kurokawa, R. Britz, M. Okabe, and G.J. Fraser. (2019). Evolution and developmental diversity of skin spines in pufferfishes. iScience, 19, 1244–1255.

Smith, K.T. and Scanferla, A., (2021). A nearly complete skeleton of the oldest definitive erycine boid (Messel, Germany). Geodiversitas, 43, 1-24.

Smith, N.A., Koeller, K.L., Clarke, J.A., Ksepka, D.T., Mitchell, J.S., Nabavizadeh, A., Ridgley, R.C. and Witmer, L.M., (2021). Convergent evolution in dippers (Aves, Cinclidae): The only wing‐propelled diving songbirds. The Anatomical Record.

Stanchak, K.E., Miller, K.E., Lumsden, E.W., Shikiar, D., Davis, C., Brunton, B.W. and Perkel, D.J., (2022). Molecular markers of mechanosensation in glycinergic neurons in the avian lumbosacral spinal cord. bioRxiv.

Stepanova, N. and Womack, M.C., (2020). Anuran limbs reflect microhabitat and distal, later‐developing bones are more evolutionarily labile. Evolution, 74, 2005-2019.

Strong, C.R., Scherz, M.D. and Caldwell, M.W., (2021). Deconstructing the Gestalt: New concepts and tests of homology, as exemplified by a re‐conceptualization of “microstomy” in squamates. The Anatomical Record.

Tahara, R. and Larsson, H.C., Paratympanic sinuses in juvenile Alligator. The Anatomical Record.

Tea, Y.K., Allen, G.R., Goatley, C.H., Gill, A.C. and Frable, B.W., (2021). Redescription of Conniella apterygia Allen and its reassignment in the genus Cirrhilabrus Temminck and Schlegel (Teleostei: Labridae), with comments on cirrhilabrin pelvic morphology. Zootaxa, 5061, 493-509.

Wible, J.R. (2022). This history and homology of the os paradoxum or dumb-bell-shaped bone of the platypus Ornithorhynchus anatinus (Mammalia, Monotremata). Vertebrate Zoology, 72, 143–158.

Wible, J.R., Shelley, S.L. and Belz, C., (2021). The Element of Paaw in Marsupials and the ear region of Philander opossum (Linnaeus, 1758) (Didelphimorphia, Didelphidae). Annals of Carnegie Museum, 87, 1-35.

Williams, C., Kirby, A., Marghoub, A., Kéver, L., Ostashevskaya‐Gohstand, S., Bertazzo, S., Moazen, M., Abzhanov, A., Herrel, A., Evans, S.E. and Vickaryous, M., (2021). A review of the osteoderms of lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Biological Reviews.

Zack, E.H., Smith, S.M. and Angielczyk, K.D., (2021). Effect of captivity on the vertebral bone microstructure of xenarthran mammals. The Anatomical Record.

Professional Presentations

Arce, H.M. & K. Innamorato. Anatomical variation of mandibular and hyoid musculature of Chiapas catfishes (Lacantunidae, Siluriformes). Joint Meeting of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, Snowbird, UT. July 2019.

Bates, J.M. The Field Museum in the time of Covid-19. iDigBio Biodiversity Summit. Virtual. September 2019.

Bates, J.M. Extending U.S. Biodiversity Collections to Address National Challenges. iDigBio Digital Data Conference. Virtual. September 2021.

Bates, J.M. Plenary Address:What are collections? BCEENet Annual Meeting. Virtual. 2021.

Blackburn, D.C. 3D Anatomical Data for All: The oVert Thematic Collection Network. Society of Integrative and Comparative Biology, San Francisco, CA. January 2018.

Blackburn, D.C. Digital specimens and the future of natural history collections. North American Meeting of Tomography for Scientific Advancement (ToScA), Gainesville, FL. March 2019.

Blackburn, D.C. Digital specimens and the future of natural history collections. Congresso Brasileiro de Herpetologia, Campinas, Brazil. July 2019.

Blackburn, D.C. The oVert TCN. iDigBio Biodiversity Summit. Virtual. September 2020.

Blackburn, D.C. The oVert TCN. IIIF 3D Working Group. Virtual. September 2020.

Blackburn, D.C. Digital specimens and the future of natural history collections. Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California-Berkeley. October 2020. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8-4fG_oSxNg

Blackburn, D.C. Increasing the Impact of Collections with 3D Data. Virginia Tech University, course seminar. Virtual. January 2021.

Blackburn, D.C. The oVert TCN. UF Research Services Center Seminar Series. Virtual.

Blackburn, D., C. Austin, W. Bemis, D. Cannatella, K. Conway, A. Davis Rabosky, C. Dillman, B. Frable, R. Glor, J. Hanken, P. Hastings, D. Hendrickson, E. Hilton, S. Huber, M. Koo, T. LaDuc, K. Maslenikov, A. McCune, H. Prestridge, D. Rabosky, Z. Randall, A. Resetar, L. Rocha, M. Sabaj, C. Spencer, A. Summers, L. Tornabene, G. Watkins- Colwell, L. Welton, E. Stanley. The oVert Thematic Collections Network. Joint Meeting of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, Rochester, NY. July 2018.

Blackburn, D.C., J.I. Bloch, Z. Luo, E.L. Stanley, O. Takano. The oVert thematic collections network: 3D anatomical data for nearly every living vertebrate genus. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, Albuquerque, NM. October 2018.

Bemis, K.E. & E.J. Hilton. Tooth development, attachment and replacement in the longnose lancefish, Alepisaurus ferox. Society of Intergrative and Comparative Biology, Tampa, FL. January 2019.

Bemis, K.E., J. Tyler, E. Stanley, E.J. Hilton. Dentition of living and fossil porcupinefishes (Tetraodontiformes: Diodontidae) studied using CT scanning: implication for systematics of isolated fossil jaws. Joint Meeting of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, Snowbird, UT. July 2019.

Bemis, W.E., K.E. Bemis, J. Tyler, E.J. Hilton. Comparative anatomy and ontogeny of ocean sunfishes (Tetraodontiformes: Tetraodontoidea: Molidae). Joint Meeting of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, Snowbird, UT. July 2019.

Boyer, D.M., J.M. Winchester, S. Mukherjee, T. McGeary, T. Ryan, D.C. Blackburn. Deposit your data, build a virtual museum: MorphoSource. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, Albuquerque, NM. October 2018.

Buser, T., B. Sidlauskas, A. Summers. 2D or not 2D? Testing the utility of 2D vs 3D landmarks in geometric morphometrics of the sculpin subfamily Oligocottinae. Joint Meeting of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, Rochester, NY. July 2018.

Crawford, C., Z. Randall, B. Flammang. These Fins Were Made for Walking: Tetrapodal Morphology of Balitorid Fishes. Joint Meeting of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, Rochester, NY. July 2018.

Dillman, C.B. Natural history collections as repositories of evolutionary change. Joint Meeting of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, Snowbird, UT. July 2019.

Early, C.M., J. Bates, S. Baumgart, K. Love, A.T. Peterson, H.L. Prestridge, M. Robbins, G.J. Watkins-Colwell, E.L. Stanley, D.C. Blackburn. Information gaps in digital databases as identified by a multi-institution initiative to digitize avian specimens. iDigBio Digital Data in Biodiversity Conference, New Haven, CT. June 2019.

Early, C.M., A.C. Morhardt, T.P. Cleland, C.M. Milensky, H.F. James. Optimizing diceCT staining protocols to mitigate potential degradation of museum specimens. International Congress of Vertebrate Morphology, Prague, Czech Republic. July 2019.

Evans, A.J., C.D. De Santana, C.B. Dillman. Comparison of Sexually Dimorphic Snout and Tooth Morphology in Sternarchogiton nattereri and Sternarchorhynchus roseni (Gymnotiformes: Apteronotidae). Joint Meeting of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, Rochester, NY. July 2018.

Gardner, J. & L. Tornabene. Iodine-based contrast-enhancing staining methods for visualization of soft tissues of snailfishes (Family: Liparidae) through CT-Scanning. Joint Meeting of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, Rochester, NY. July 2018.

Gardner, J. & L. Tornabene. Rolling the dice: diffusible iodine-based contrast-enhanced computed tomography (diceCT) methods for visualization of soft tissues. Annual Meeting of the Gilbert Ichthyological Society, Blue River, OR. October 2018.

Gray, J.A. From shades of gray to greatness: bringing 3D models of vertebrate anatomy to life. University of Florida Postdoctoral Seminar Series, University of Florida. Virtual. 2021.

Gray, J.A. Scientist Superpowers: using X rays to look inside reptiles and amphibians. Girls Excelling in Maths and Science Program, South Florida Science Center and Aquarium. Virtual. 2021.

Hall, K.C., Hundt, P., Swenson, J., Summers, A., Crow, K.D. The evolution of underwater flight in manta rays and their relatives (Myliobatidae). Experimental Biology, San Diego, CA. April 2018.

Hanken, J. The advent of digital technology and its promise for biodiversity research. iDigBio Digital Data in Biodiversity Research Conference, Berkeley, CA. June 2018.

Hastings, P.A. Evolution of Chaenopsid Blennies (Teleostei: Blenniiformes): The Role of Behavior in Morphological Evolution. US National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution. Virtual.

Hilton, E.J. Fishes and the new golden age of morphology. Gilbert Ichthyological Society, Blue River, OR. October 2018.

Hofmann, M. Web-based delivery and volume visualization of 30TB of high resolution tomography data. 24th International Conference on 3D Web Technology, Los Angeles, CA. July 2019.

Huber, S., K. Maslenikov, A. Williston, E. Hilton, A. Summers, D. Blackburn. oVert Deep Dive: Ontogenetic Series of Fishes. Joint Meeting of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, Rochester, NY. July 2018.

Huie, J.M. Scale scrapers and parasite pickers: many ways to build a specialist. Joint Meeting for Ichthyologists and Herpetologists symposium on fish diversity. Phoenix, Arizona. July 2021.

Huie, J.M., K.C. Hall, A.P. Summers, and K.W. Conway. Stick with it: potential convergent evolution of eco-morphotypes in clingfishes. Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology. Virtual. January 2021.

Jasulevicz, R. & A. Bauer. A Bolder Shoulder: Pectoral Girdle Morphology in Geckos. Joint Meeting of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, Rochester, NY. July 2018.

Keeffe, R. & D. Blackburn. Comparative Morphology of the Forelimb and Pectoral Girdle in Forward-Burrowing Frogs. Joint Meeting of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, Rochester, NY. July 2018.

Keeffe, R.M. & D.C. Blackburn. Characterizing forward-burrowing frogs with pectoral girdle and humerus morphology. Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology, Tampa, FL. January 2019.

Keeffe, R.M. & D.C. Blackburn. Comparative morphology of the forelimb and pectoral girdle in forward-burrowing frogs. International Congress of Vertebrate Morphology, Prague, Czech Republic. July 2019.

McFarland, E.P., C.C. Baldwin, D.R. Robertson, L.A. Rocha, and L. Tornabene. A new species of Chromis damselfish from the tropical western Atlantic (Teleostei, Pomacentridae). Joint Meeting of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, Phoenix, Arizona. July 2021.

Moreira, C.R. & K.W. Conway. Do freshwater hatchetfishes (Characiformes: Gasteropelecidae) hear with the top of their heads? Joint Meeting of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, Snowbird, UT. July 2019.

Nagesan, R.S. CT Scanning Vertebrate Collections at the UMMZ. Canadian Museum of Nature Seminar Series. Virtual. 2020.

Nagesan, R.S. 3D Specimen Visualization & CT Scanning at the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Seminar Series, University of Michigan. Virtual. 2021.

Olsen, A. & E. Brainerd. An Ancient Throat Expansion Mechanism Functions as an 11-Bar Linkage in Channel Catfish. Joint Meeting of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, Rochester, NY. July 2018.

Otsuka, S.T., R.S. Nagesan, J.M. Crowe-Riddell, A.R. Davis Rabosky, and C.W. Thompson. 3D visualization and description of venom glands in short-tailed shrews (genus Blarina). Texas Society of Mammalogists. Virtual. 2021.

Owens, H. & E. Stanley. Anatomy of Sexual Parasitism in Triplewart Sea-Devils (Cryptosaras couesii). Joint Meeting of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, Rochester, NY. July 2018.

Paluh, D., E. Stanley, D. Blackburn. Convergent Evolution and Function of Hyperossification in Frogs. Joint Meeting of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, Rochester, NY. July 2018.

Paluh, D.J., L.A. Coloma, D.C. Blackburn. Evolutionary lability in life history, morphology, and performance in Andean marsupial frogs. Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology, Tampa, FL. January 2019.

Rajani, R.B., R.S. Nagesan, and C.W. Thompson. Preliminary analysis of bat wing morphology using CT Data. Texas Society of Mammalogists. Virtual. 2021.

Randall, Z. oVert: lessons learned from high-throughput scanning across the fishes tree of life. North American Meeting of Tomography for Scientific Advancement (ToScA), Gainesville, FL. March 2019.

Randall, Z., K. Love, E. Stanley, M. Sabaj, L. Page, D. Blackburn. oVert: Lessons learned for high-throughput scanning across the Fishes Tree of Life. Joint Meeting of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, Snowbird, UT. July 2019.

Sheehy, C., L. Nuñez, M. Fedler, M. Nickerson, D. Blackburn. Progress in the Herpetology Collections at the Florida Museum of Natural History. Joint Meeting of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, Rochester, NY. July 2018.

Singh, A.L., L.A. Gonzales, D.J. Paluh, D. C. Blackburn. Variation in the bony labyrinth (inner ear) of Anurans. International Congress of Vertebrate Morphology, Prague, Czech Republic. July 2019.

Singh, A.L., R.M. Keeffe, D.C. Blackburn. Tips and fits: tricks to 3D-puzzle making. Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology, Tampa, FL. January 2019.

Singh, A.L., R.M. Keeffe, D.C. Blackburn. Tips and fits: tricks to 3D-puzzle making. International Congress of Vertebrate Morphology, Prague, Czech Republic. July 2019.

Stanley, E.L., C.M. Early, D.J. Paluh, D.C. Blackburn. The oVert thematic collections network: 3D-anatomical data for nearly every living vertebrate genus. International Congress of Vertebrate Morphology, Prague, Czech Republic. July 2019.

Stanley, E., D. Paluh, D. Blackburn. Diversification of dermal armor in squamates. Joint Meeting of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, Rochester, NY. July 2018.

Summers, A.P. How and why to scan all the vertebrates: open access data as a transformative tool. Experimental Biology, San Diego, CA. April 2018.

Takano, O.M., J.M. Bates, J.P. Dumbacher, B.D. Marks, R.G. Moyle, A.T. Peterson, J. Wieczorek, D.W. Winkler, H.F. James, D.W. Steadman, C.M. Eliason, E.L. Stanley, D.C. Blackburn. Inside the Birds of the World: CT-scanning fluid-preserved bird collections via the oVert Thematic Collections Network. American Ornithological Society, Tucson, AZ. April 2018.

Thompson, C.W. Biodiversity Science, Conservation, and COVID-19: The Case for Natural History Collections. Michigan Ecological and Evolutionary Biology Society. Ann Arbor, Michigan. 2020.

Thompson, C.W. Biodiversity Science, Conservation, and COVID-19: The Case for Natural History Collections. Endangered Species and Conservation Seminar, Texas Tech University. Waco, Texas. 2020.

Thompson, C.W. Biodiversity Science, Conservation, and COVID-19: The Case for Natural History Collections. Endangered Species and Conservation Seminar, Texas Tech University. Waco, Texas. 2021.

Thompson, C.W. openVertebrate (oVert) Thematic Collections Network. Museums and Emerging Pathogens Network. Virtual. 2021.

Thompson, C.W., J.I. Bloch, D.M. Boyer, J.P. Dumbacher, J.A. Esselstyn, A.L. Hines, Z.-X. Luo, R.S. Nagesan, G.G. Pandelis, S.E. Santana, E.L. Stanley, P.K. Tucker, K.M. Winchester, D.C. Blackburn. oVert: a collaborative effort to produce 3D data for all vertebrate genera. American Society of Mammalogists, Washington, D.C. June 2019.

Watkins-Colwell, G.J., K. Love, Z. Randall, D.M. Boyer, J.M. Winchester, E.L. Stanley, D.C. Blackburn. The Walking Dead: status report, data workflow and best practices of the oVert Thematic Collections Network. Society for the Preservation of Natural History Collections, Dunedin, New Zealand. August 2018.

Zobek, C., C. Dillman, H. Greene. Comparative Adaptations for Skink Predation in the Genus Lampropeltis. Joint Meeting of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, Rochester, NY. July 2018.