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This guide is offered to help anyone wanting to database and/or digitally image their collections. It is written in very simple terms since this work should not require a computer expert. This guide is based on digitizing a type collection so it is more rigorous and careful than may be necessary for other collections, particularly the archive protocol. The user should take or leave whatever information they feel is necessary. However, if the guide is to be used for a type collection, it is recommended that the degree of rigor, if not the actual protocol, be matched. Three different imaging setups are described, from a very inexpensive solution to the top of the range. These descriptions are not intended to prescribe the best or only setups, but to inform others about the setups we are using now as a result of over 5 years research--much of this with limited budgets. We developed these under the guidance of Dr. Piotr Naskrecki, with early and continued assistance by Dr. Gary Alpert and Dr. Brian Farrell. In a similar way we describe a Filemaker Pro implementation called MANTIS. It is one of many database solutions for managing taxonomic information, but is recommended since it is easy to use, runs on both PC and Mac and can be downloaded free from the web. It is also the creation of Piotr Naskrecki.
This guide is offered to help anyone wanting to database and/or digitally image their collections. It is written in very simple terms since this work should not require a computer expert. This guide is based on digitizing a type collection so it is more rigorous and careful than may be necessary for other collections, particularly the archive protocol. The user should take or leave whatever information they feel is necessary. However, if the guide is to be used for a type collection, it is recommended that the degree of rigor, if not the actual protocol, be matched. Three different imaging setups are described, from a very inexpensive solution to the top of the range. These descriptions are not intended to prescribe the best or only setups, but to inform others about the setups we are using now as a result of over 5 years research--much of this with limited budgets. We developed these under the guidance of Dr. Piotr Naskrecki, with early and continued assistance by Dr. Gary Alpert and Dr. Brian Farrell. In a similar way we describe a Filemaker Pro implementation called MANTIS. It is one of many database solutions for managing taxonomic information, but is recommended since it is easy to use, runs on both PC and Mac and can be downloaded free from the web. It is also the creation of Piotr Naskrecki.
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== A Strategic Plan for Establishing a Network Integrated Biocollections Alliance, produced by NSF ==
!scope="col" width="15%" | Pub Date ||
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!scope="col" | URL || http://digbiocol.files.wordpress.com/2010/08/niba_brochure.pdf#
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| '''Description'''
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This report is a strategic plan for a 10-year effort to digitize and mobilize the scientific information associated with biological specimens held in U.S. research collections. The primary objective of the initiative is to create a national collections resource that will contribute critical information to U.S. scientific research and technology interests, and will aid in understanding the biodiversity dimensions and societal consequences of climate change, species invasions, natural disasters, the spread of disease vectors and agricultural pests and pollinators, and other environmental issues. Network Integrated Biocollections Alliance (NIBA) resources such as databases, network portals, and analytical tools will synthesize information contained in the nation’s collections and place them into national service for stakeholders in government, academia, business, K-12 education, informal science education, and the public.
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== Accelerating Taxonomic Discovery Through Automated Character Extraction, by J. LaSalle, Q. Wheeler, P. Jackway, S. Winterton, D. Hobern, D. Lovell, Zootaxa 2217:43-55. ==
!scope="col"; width="15%" | Pub Date || 2009
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!scope="col" | URL || http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2009/f/zt02217p055.pdf
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| '''Description'''
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This paper discusses the following key messages. Taxonomy is (and taxonomists are) more important than ever in times of global change. Taxonomic endeavour is not occurring fast enough: in 250 years since the creation of the Linnean Systema Naturae, only about 20% of Earth’s species have been named. We need fundamental changes to the taxonomic process and paradigm to increase taxonomic productivity by orders of magnitude. Currently, taxonomic productivity is limited principally by the rate at which we capture and manage morphological information to enable species discovery. Many recent (and welcomed) initiatives in managing and delivering biodiversity information and accelerating the taxonomic process do not address this bottleneck. Development of computational image analysis and feature extraction methods is a crucial missing capacity needed to enable taxonomists to overcome the taxonomic impediment in a meaningful time frame.
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== Advanced Techniques for Imaging Parasitic Hymenoptera (Insecta), by M. L. Buffington, R.A. Burks, L. McNeil, American Entomologist. ==
!scope="col" width="15%" | Pub Date || Spring, 2005
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!scope="col" | URL || http://www.entsoc.org/PDF/Pubs/Periodicals/AE/AE-2005/Spring/Buffington.pdf#
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| '''Description'''
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Digital imaging technology has revolutionized the practice of photographing insects for scientific study. This paper describes lighting techniques designed for imaging parasitic Hymenoptera in the superfamilies Chalcidoidea and Cynipoidea. Techniques described here are applicable to all small insects, as well as other invertebrates. The key to these techniques is the correct balance of light intensity and light dispersal. Once this balance is met, hymenopteran species as small as 0.75 mm can be readily imaged at a resolution suitable for publication. Surprisingly, a compound microscope can be used to image whole, unmounted insects in much the same way that a stereomicroscope is used.
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== Assembling the Custom Components for Specimen Imaging, Consortium of Pacific Northwest Herbaria, WTU Herbarium, Burke Museum, Version 1.0, by Ben Legler.  ==
!scope="col" width="15%" | Pub Date || 7/9/2010
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!scope="col" | URL || http://www.pnwherbaria.org/documentation/custom-components-v1.pdf#
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| '''Description'''
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This document provides instructions for assembling the custom hardware components used for imaging specimens under the Consortium of Pacific Northwest Herbaria’s 2010-2013 collaborative NSF Grant. It is intended as a guide for similar projects elsewhere. However, the components described here are specific to our choice of imaging equipment and may not be suitable for use elsewhere. Also discussed here are the custom software scripts used for metadata capture, image processing, and image tiling. The tiling script creates a version of the image that can be viewed with the Gmap Image Viewer (http://www.rmh.uwyo.edu/gmapviewer/about.php), an online, open-source viewer created for use with herbarium specimens.
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== Australian Museum Data capture of specimen labels using volunteers, by John Tann & Paul Flemons. ==
!scope="col" width="15%" | Pub Date || December 2008
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!scope="col" | URL ||  http://australianmuseum.net.au/Uploads/Documents/23183/Data%20Capture%20of%20specimen%20labels%20using%20volunteers%20-%20Tann%20and%20Flemons%202008.pdf#
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| '''Description'''
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This is a report of an attempt to speed up the capture of information on the labels of specimens held by the Australian Museum. A trial was conducted using volunteers with a camera to photograph specimen labels and transcribe that data into a spreadsheet. Location information was georeferenced. The data in the resulting spreadsheet was then entered into EMu by a museum technician. Times and costs were compared to direct data entry, as well as with a previous trial using an off-shore data transcription service. The outcome of the trial was successful in clarifying the following. Importing data into EMu is not straightforward and is a specialist task. Having the data transcribed into a spreadsheet before import into EMu does not help. Errors, misspellings, and uncertainties on many of the labels meant that a spreadsheet of data became a clumsy and inefficient method of data entry. Photographing a label has advantages – a photograph becomes a verbatim record in the database of the label for later referral, and makes the data entry process quicker by about 20%, as well as easier and more convenient. Recommendations: The Australian museum could train and use a small team of volunteers to photograph specimen labels. These photographs would be saved on EMu as a record of the label, and subsequently used for data entry by AM technical staff. Investigate the Emu inline toolset as a possible route for engaging volunteers for accurate and reliable data entry.
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== Australian Museum Rapid Digitisation Project: A Guide to Handling and Digising Archival Material - Registers by L. Prater, R. Stephens, and P. Flemons, 19 pp. ==
!scope="col" width="15%" | Pub Date || August 2011
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!scope="col" | URL ||  http://australianmuseum.net.au/Uploads/Documents/22932/Archive%20Training%20Compressed.pdf#
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| '''Description'''
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This publications documents methods for ditigizing printed records associated with museum collections.
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== Automontage Imaging Guidelines, by AntWeb. ==
!scope="col" width="15%" | Pub Date || June, 2010
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!scope="col" | URL ||  http://www.antweb.org/homepage/AntWeb%20Imaging%20guidelines%20v01.pdf#
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| '''Description'''
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This presentation from AntWeb offers detailed information about imaging ant specimens using Automontage.
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== Avoiding twisted pixels: ethical guidelines for the appropriate use and manipulation of scientific digital images, by D. W. Cromey, Science and engineering ethics 16 (4) p. 639-67. ==
!scope="col" width="15%" | Pub Date || 2010
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!scope="col" | URL ||  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20567932#
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| '''Description'''
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Digital imaging has provided scientists with new opportunities to acquire and manipulate data using techniques that were difficult or impossible to employ in the past. Because digital images are easier to manipulate than film images, new problems have emerged. One growing concern in the scientific community is that digital images are not being handled with sufficient care. The problem is twofold: (1) the very small, yet troubling, number of intentional falsifications that have been identified, and (2) the more common unintentional, inappropriate manipulation of images for publication. Journals and professional societies have begun to address the issue with specific digital imaging guidelines. Unfortunately, the guidelines provided often do not come with instructions to explain their importance. Thus they deal with what should or should not be done, but not the associated 'why' that is required for understanding the rules. This article proposes 12 guidelines for scientific digital image manipulation and discusses the technical reasons behind these guidelines. These guidelines can be incorporated into lab meetings and graduate student training in order to provoke discussion and begin to bring an end to the culture of "data beautification".
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== Biodiversity Informatics in Action: Identification and Monitoring of Bee Species Using ABIS, by Tom Arbuckle, Stefan Schröder, Volker Steinhage, Dieter Wittmann, Proc. 15th International Symposium Informatics for Environmental Protection, pp. 425-430. ==
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!scope="col" width="15%" | Pub Date ||
October, 2001
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!scope="col" | URL || 
http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.20.1272&rep-rep1&type=pdf#
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| '''Description'''
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Bees, as the main pollinators of food crops, represent a critical natural resource which needs to be carefully exploited and managed. In recent years, however, destruction of bee's native habitats, infestations, and displacements of native bees by alien bee species have reduced and disturbed bee populations and this is already having considerable impact on global agriculture. A further concurrent problem is that there are probably fewer than 50 taxonomic experts worldwide able to identify bee species. ABIS (Automatic Bee Identification System) is a suite of software tools created for the identification and monitoring of bees. Bee species are rapidly and reliably determined from images of the bees' wings by means of linear and non-linear statistics in conjunction with image processing. Work is currently in progress to couple the bee identification tools within a geographic information system and to make a bee recognition service available over the Intenet.
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