@article {1622,
	title = {Aiming Up: Natural History Collections as Emerging Resources for Innovative Undergraduate Education in Biology},
	journal = {BioScience},
	volume = {64},
	year = {2014},
	month = {08/2014},
	chapter = {725},
	abstract = {There is an emerging consensus that undergraduate biology education in the United States is at a crucial juncture, especially as we acknowledge the need to train a new generation of scientists to meet looming environmental and health crises. Digital resources for biology now available online provide an opportunity to transform biology curricula to include more authentic and inquiry-driven educational experiences. Digitized natural history collections have become tremendous assets for research in environmental and health sciences, but, to date, these data remain largely untapped by educators. Natural history collections have the potential to help transform undergraduate science education from passive learning into an active exploration of the natural world, including the exploration of the complex relationships among environmental conditions, biodiversity, and human well-being. By incorporating natural history specimens and their associated data into undergraduate curricula, educators can promote participatory learning and foster an understanding of essential interactions between organisms and their environments.},
	keywords = {EF-1115210},
	url = {http://www.academia.edu/7991735/Natural_History_Collections_as_Emerging_Resources_for_Innovative_Education},
	author = {Joseph A. Cook and Scott Edwards and Eileen A. Lacey and Robert P. Guralnick and Soltis, Pamela S. and Douglas E. Soltis and Corey K. Welch and Kayce C. Bell and Kurt E. Galbreath and Christopher Himes and Julie M. Allen and Tracy A. Heath and Ann C. Carnaval and Kimberly L. Cooper and Mark Liu and James Hanken and Stefanie Ickert-Bond}
}
@article {1598,
	title = {Natural History Collections as Emerging Resources for Innovative Education},
	journal = {BioScience},
	volume = {64},
	year = {2014},
	month = {08/2014},
	chapter = {725},
	abstract = {There is an emerging consensus that undergraduate biology education in the United States is at a crucial juncture, especially as we acknowledge the need to train a new generation of scientists to meet looming environmental and health crises. Digital resources for biology now available online provide an opportunity to transform biology curricula to include more authentic and inquiry-driven educational experiences. Digitized natural history collections have become tremendous assets for research in environmental and health sciences, but, to date, these data remain largely untapped by educators. Natural history collections have the potential to help transform undergraduate science education from passive learning into an active exploration of the natural world, including the exploration of the complex relationships among environmental conditions, biodiversity, and human well-being. By incorporating natural history specimens and their associated data into undergraduate curricula, educators can promote participatory learning and foster an understanding of essential interactions between organisms and their environments.},
	keywords = {database, inquiry driven, museum, place based, undergraduate education},
	issn = {1525-3244},
	doi = {10.1093/biosci/biu096},
	url = {http://bioscience.oxfordjournals.org/content/64/8/725.full.pdf+htm},
	author = {Joseph A. Cook and Scott V. Edwards and Eileen A. Lacey and Robert P. Guralnick and Pamela S. Soltis and Douglas E. Soltis and Corey K. Welch and Kayce C. Bell and Kurt E. Galbreath and Christopher Himes and Julie M. Allen and Tracy A. Heath and Ana C. Carnaval and Kimberly L. Cooper and Mark Liu and James Hanken and Stefanie Ickert-Bond}
}
@article {2105,
	title = {Natural History Collections as Emerging Resources for Innovative Education},
	journal = {BioScience},
	volume = {64},
	year = {2014},
	month = {08/2014},
	chapter = {725},
	abstract = {Nearly four decades ago, Roose \& Gottlieb (Roose \& Gottlieb 1976 Evolution 30, 818{\textendash}830. (doi:10.2307/2407821)) showed that the recently derived allotetraploids Tragopogon mirus and T. miscellus combined the allozyme profiles of their diploid parents (T. dubius and T. porrifolius, and T. dubius and T. pratensis, respectively). This classic paper addressed the link between genotype and biochemical phenotype and documented enzyme additivity in allopolyploids. Perhaps more important than their model of additivity, however, was their demonstration of novelty at the biochemical level. Enzyme multiplicity{\textemdash}the production of novel enzyme forms in the allopolyploids{\textemdash}can provide an extensive array of polymorphism for a polyploid individual and may explain, for example, the expanded ranges of polyploids relative to their diploid progenitors. In this paper, we extend the concept of evolutionary novelty in allopolyploids to a range of genetic and ecological features. We observe that the dynamic nature of polyploid genomes{\textemdash}with alterations in gene content, gene number, gene arrangement, gene expression and transposon activity{\textemdash}may generate sufficient novelty that every individual in a polyploid population or species may be unique. Whereas certain combinations of these features will undoubtedly be maladaptive, some unique combinations of newly generated variation may provide tremendous evolutionary potential and adaptive capabilities.},
	keywords = {EF-1115210},
	url = {https://www.idigbio.org/sites/default/files/sites/default/files/Cook\%20et\%20al\%20BioScience-2014-Cook-725-34.pdf},
	author = {Joseph A. Cook and Scott V. Edwards and Eileen A. Lacey and Robert P. Guralnick and Soltis, Pamela S. and Douglas E. Soltis and Corey K. Welch and Kayce C. Bell and Kurt E. Galbreath and Christopher Himes and Julie M. Allen and Tracy A. Heath and Ana C. Carnaval and Kimberly L. Cooper and Mark Liu and James Hanken and Stefanie Ickert-Bond}
}
@article {2100,
	title = {Polyploidy and novelty: Gottlieb{\textquoteright}s legacy},
	journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
	volume = {369},
	year = {2015},
	month = {2014},
	chapter = {1},
	abstract = {There is an emerging consensus that undergraduate biology education in the United States is at a crucial juncture, especially as we acknowledge
the need to train a new generation of scientists to meet looming environmental and health crises. Digital resources for biology now available
online provide an opportunity to transform biology curricula to include more authentic and inquiry-driven educational experiences. Digitized
natural history collections have become tremendous assets for research in environmental and health sciences, but, to date, these data remain
largely untapped by educators. Natural history collections have the potential to help transform undergraduate science education from passive
learning into an active exploration of the natural world, including the exploration of the complex relationships among environmental
conditions, biodiversity, and human well-being. By incorporating natural history specimens and their associated data into undergraduate
curricula, educators can promote participatory learning and foster an understanding of essential interactions between organisms and their
environments.},
	keywords = {EF-1115210},
	doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0351},
	url = {https://www.idigbio.org/sites/default/files/sites/default/files/PSoltis\%20et\%20al\%20PhilTransRoySoc2014.pdf},
	author = {Pamela S. Soltis and Liu, Xiaoxian and Marchant, D. Blaine and Visger, Clayton J. and Douglas E. Soltis}
}
@article {2104,
	title = {Variables affecting DNA preservation in archival plant specimens},
	journal = {DNA Banking for the 21st Century},
	year = {2014},
	month = {2014},
	chapter = {81},
	abstract = {Although the use of plant DNA in scientific research is now decades old now. we still know very little about the
best methods of DNA preservation. A few studies have addressed aspects of DNA quality and preservation . but a
broad sense of the quality of DNA in herbarium specimens and tissues specifically preserved for DNA usage is still
lacking. This article reviews the basic concepts ofDNA preservation, factors affecting DNA in herbarium specimens.
optimal methods for DNA extraction. and storage. To address lingering questions about the nature ofDNA quality
in archival plant specimens. we also evaluated - 2000 samples from herbarium specimens. as well as silica-dried and
frozen tissuesspecifically preserved for DNA usage. For herbarium specimens. we used materials spanning much of
angiosperm phylogenetic diversity to ascertain general trends of DNA degradation over time and to assesswhether
different clades had different rates of "expiration." Our results indicate different rates ofDNA degradation , but for
mostsamples. no matter the taxonomic group . we were unlikely to recover high-quality DNA after 30-40 years.
Nonetheless, given rapid technological advances and changes in DNA sequencing methods. even herbarium specimens
with highly degraded DNA may still be of use in molecular analyses. Additional herbarium specimens were
sampled for two different collection sets with drastically different curation histories bur of approximately the same
age. This analysis showed a vety marked difference in DNA quality between the two sets: the well-curared specimens
had excellent-quality DNA while the poorly curated samples had low-quality DNA. For frozen tissues, virtually all
samples had excellent quality. whether storage wasat -20{\textperiodcentered} or -BO{\textperiodcentered}C and whether tissue was pulverized or intact. For
silica-dried tissues, the results were much more heterogeneous, depending on the storage vessel. Samples stored in
vessels with poor seals yielded lower-quality DNA. To address the long-term viability of frozen DNA extracts, we
compared a set of 7-I2-year-old DNA extracts with new extracts of the same original silica-dried tissues and with
fresh, greenhouse-collected tissues of the same original material, these comparisons indicared less degradation in the
extracts than in rhe silica-preserved samples, although the differences were subtle. We also found that IS-year-old
photo-bleached, silica-dried samples Still had small amounts of high-molecular-weighr DNA. The long-term preservation
of DNA in archival samples remains problematic. bur we can besr preserve DNA by limiting the factors
that degrade it. Although the botanical community has been preserving tissues and DNA extracts for a limited
umespan, we can infer some basic conclusions from this and oth er studies . Recommended best practices are to freeze
tissues and extracts at as Iow a rernperarure as possible (e.g., -BO{\textperiodcentered}C). bur if that is not possible or practical. room
temperature storage of rlssues with silica in tightly sealed containers is a viable alternative , at least for the short term.},
	keywords = {EF-1115210},
	isbn = { 0-9808415-9-8},
	url = {https://www.idigbio.org/sites/default/files/sites/default/files/Neubig_et_al_2014_.pdf},
	author = {Kurt M. Neubig and Mark W. Whitten and Richard J. Abbott and Savannah Elliot and Douglas E. Soltis and Pamela S. Soltis}
}
