@article {2226,
	title = {2015 iDigBio Annual Community Survey Summary of Results},
	year = {2015},
	url = {https://www.idigbio.org/sites/default/files/internal-docs/Evaluation-Reports/2015_Annual_Report.pdf},
	author = {Shari Ellis}
}
@article {2225,
	title = {2015 iDigBio Annual Evaluation Year 4 Impact Evaluation},
	year = {2015},
	url = {https://www.idigbio.org/sites/default/files/internal-docs/Evaluation-Reports/iDigBio_Impact_Evaluation.pdf},
	author = {Shari Ellis}
}
@article {1353,
	title = {3-D Printing Fossils at the University of Alabama },
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {Paleo Imaging Workshop},
	url = {https://www.idigbio.org/wiki/images/8/8f/Ehret_3DPresentation.pdf},
	author = {Dana Ehret}
}
@conference {2417,
	title = {Accelerating Digitization of Biodiversity Research Specimens Through Online Public Participation},
	booktitle = {SPNHC 2015},
	year = {2015},
	keywords = {EF-1115210, Presentation, SPNHC2015},
	author = {Ellwood, Elizabeth R. and Dunckel, Betty A. and Flemons, Paul and Guralnick, Robert P. and Nelson, Gil and Paul, Deborah L. and Riccardi, Greg and Rios, Nelson and Seltmann, Katja C. and Mast, Austin R.}
}
@conference {1621,
	title = {Accelerating Digitization of Biodiversity Research Specimens through Online Public Participation},
	booktitle = {Botany 2014},
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {EF-1115210},
	url = {http://www.2014.botanyconference.org/engine/search/index.php?func=detail\&aid=692},
	author = {Elizabeth R. Ellwood and Betty Dunckel and Paul Flemons and Robert Guralnick and Nelson, Gil and Greg Newman and Paul, Deborah L. and Greg Riccardi and Nelson E. Rios and Katja Seltmann and Austin R. Mast}
}
@article {2418,
	title = {Accelerating Digitization of Biodiversity Specimens through Online Public Participation},
	year = {2015},
	abstract = {Biodiversity research specimens provide a historical baseline of diversity and distributions against which to compare new samples and project changes to diversity and distribution into the future. However, just ca. 10 percent of the estimated 1 billion specimens in U.S. collections have been digitized (e.g., databased, imaged, and/or georeferenced) with the data made available online. A goal of the biodiversity research community is to digitize most of the remaining specimens within a decade. However, meeting this ambitious goal requires increased collaboration, technological innovation, and broader engagement in digitization beyond the walls of biodiversity research collections. Engaging the public in digitization, rather than simply hiring more digitizers, promises to both serve the digitizing institutions and further public understanding of biodiversity science. We identify 24 digitization tasks that the public could participate in online and examples from three broad areas that will accelerate research progress: label and ledger transcribing/cataloging from digital images, georeferencing from collection locality descriptions, and specimen tagging/categorizing from images. We illustrate each activity, identify and compare useful tools, present relevant best practices and standards, and identify gaps in our knowledge and areas for improvement. We will also highlight the citizen science projects of iDigBio, NSF{\textquoteright}s National Resource for Advancing the Digitization of Biodiversity Collections. This includes Biospex (www.biospex.org), a system that provides project management functionality for public participation tools like Notes from Nature (www.notesfromnature.org).The field of public participation in digitization of biodiversity research specimens is clearly in a growth phase with many emerging opportunities for scientists, educators, and the public. The field will benefit from broader communication with complementary or overlapping projects in other fields, such as the digital humanities.},
	keywords = {AAAS2015, EF-1115210, poster},
	url = {https://aaas.confex.com/aaas/2015/webprogram/Paper15507.html},
	author = {Ellwood, Elizabeth R. and Guralnick, Robert and Riccardi, Greg and Rios, Nelson and Seltmann, Katja and Mast, Austin}
}
@article {1622,
	title = {Aiming Up: Natural History Collections as Emerging Resources for Innovative Undergraduate Education in Biology},
	journal = {BioScience},
	volume = {64},
	year = {2014},
	month = {08/2014},
	chapter = {725},
	abstract = {There is an emerging consensus that undergraduate biology education in the United States is at a crucial juncture, especially as we acknowledge the need to train a new generation of scientists to meet looming environmental and health crises. Digital resources for biology now available online provide an opportunity to transform biology curricula to include more authentic and inquiry-driven educational experiences. Digitized natural history collections have become tremendous assets for research in environmental and health sciences, but, to date, these data remain largely untapped by educators. Natural history collections have the potential to help transform undergraduate science education from passive learning into an active exploration of the natural world, including the exploration of the complex relationships among environmental conditions, biodiversity, and human well-being. By incorporating natural history specimens and their associated data into undergraduate curricula, educators can promote participatory learning and foster an understanding of essential interactions between organisms and their environments.},
	keywords = {EF-1115210},
	url = {http://www.academia.edu/7991735/Natural_History_Collections_as_Emerging_Resources_for_Innovative_Education},
	author = {Joseph A. Cook and Scott Edwards and Eileen A. Lacey and Robert P. Guralnick and Soltis, Pamela S. and Douglas E. Soltis and Corey K. Welch and Kayce C. Bell and Kurt E. Galbreath and Christopher Himes and Julie M. Allen and Tracy A. Heath and Ann C. Carnaval and Kimberly L. Cooper and Mark Liu and James Hanken and Stefanie Ickert-Bond}
}
@article {982,
	title = {The Attraction of Modern Biological Science},
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {Broadening Diversity: Careers and Graduate Study in the Biological Sciences},
	url = {http://vimeo.com/album/2712973/video/85615453},
	author = {Scott Edwards}
}
@article {973,
	title = {The Attraction of Modern Biological Sciences},
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {Broadening Diversity: Careers and Graduate Study in the Biological Sciences},
	url = {https://www.idigbio.org/sites/default/files/workshop-presentations/broadening-diversity/Edwards_iDigBio_Broadening_Diversity_2014.pdf},
	author = {Scott Edwards}
}
@conference {2534,
	title = {Citizen science as a tool for expanding our capacity to georeference biodiversity specimens},
	booktitle = {Botany 15, Botanical Society of America Annual Meeting 2015},
	year = {2015},
	month = {07/2015},
	address = {Edmonton, Alberta, Canada},
	abstract = {The majority of the world{\textquoteright}s billions of biodiversity specimens are tucked away in museum cabinets with only minimal, if any, digital records of the information they contain. Most specimens were collected before the use of digital photography, database management systems, or global positioning systems (GPS) and therefore their discoverability for use in research and education are limited. Global efforts to digitize specimens {\textendash} including imaging, transcribing label information, and georeferencing collection localities {\textendash} are underway, yet the task is daunting. However, many activities associated with digitization do not require special training, and as such can benefit from the involvement of citizen scientists. Here, we examine the efficacy of citizen scientists in georeferencing herbarium specimen collection localities, i.e. assigning a latitude and longitude to a textual locality description. In this experiment, each of 270 specimens was georeferenced ~8 times using the online platform GEOLocate. All specimens were collected in the highly biodiverse Apalachicola National Forest, Florida, USA. For comparison with the volunteer-derived points, an {\textquotedblleft}expert{\textquotedblright} familiar with the local flora and collection areas also georeferenced each specimen and provided a radius of uncertainty based on the precision of the textual locality description. The locality details provided on herbarium specimen labels varied greatly, as did the volunteers{\textquoteright} estimation of localities. Volunteer points were an average of 4.62 km from the expert point of the same specimen, with a range of averages between less than half to over 30 km. We also examined the number of volunteer georeferences that, when averaged, would provide a locality estimate within the expert{\textquoteright}s radius of uncertainty. We found that this number was highly dependent upon the details provided in the label text. These findings suggest that citizen scientists are capable of providing accurate georeferences of herbarium specimens, and we recommend that the downstream use of data be considered when employing citizen scientists in this activity. For certain applications of georeferenced data, for example landscape-level modeling, locality estimations from citizen scientists that fall within 5 km of the collection site are likely suitable. Finer scale applications, for example resampling the same population or individual, may require a level of precision beyond what a minimally trained citizen scientist can provide. As online mapping tools and georeferencing software improves, the ability of citizen scientists to provide precise georeferences will increase.},
	keywords = {BSA2015},
	url = {http://2015.botanyconference.org/engine/search/index.php?func=detail\&aid=895},
	author = {Ellwood, Elizabeth R. and Bart, H. and Krings, M. and Jue, Dean and Mann, J. and Rios, Nelson and Mast, Austin R.}
}
@article {1576,
	title = {Citizen science, crowd sourcing, public participation, and BIOSPEX},
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {Small Herbarium Workshop Botany 2014},
	url = {https://www.idigbio.org/wiki/images/2/29/Ellwood_NANSH_Botany.pdf},
	author = {Libby Ellwood}
}
@conference {2415,
	title = {Crowdsourcing Biodiversity Data Mobilization},
	booktitle = {TDWG 2015},
	year = {2015},
	keywords = {EF-1115210, Presentation, TDWG2015},
	author = {Ellwood, Elizabeth R.}
}
@article {913,
	title = {Digitization workflow lightning rounds},
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {Paleo Digitization Workshop},
	url = {https://www.idigbio.org/wiki/images/4/4b/Workflow_lightning_round_UPDATED.pdf},
	author = {Paul Mayer and Catherine Riddle and Patricia Weaver and Shusheng Hu and Ronald Eng and Rudy Serbet and Kate Wellspring}
}
@article {1030,
	title = {Education, Outreach and Public Participation},
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {Summit 3},
	url = {https://www.idigbio.org/sites/default/files/workshop-presentations/summit3/Summit_E\%2BO.pdf},
	author = {Bruce MacFadden and Libby Ellwood}
}
@conference {2431,
	title = {Enhancing your ecological research with iDigBio biological specimen data},
	booktitle = {Ecological Society of America},
	year = {2015},
	keywords = {EF-1115210, ESA2015, IGN 8-1, Presentation, Research},
	author = {Paul, Deborah L. and Ellwood, Elizabeth R.}
}
@article {1057,
	title = {FOSSIL- A national network of amateur and professional paleontologists in the U.S.},
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {NAPC Symposium},
	url = {https://www.idigbio.org/sites/default/files/workshop-presentations/napc-2014/Mon-4.00-MacFadden.pdf},
	author = {Bruce MacFadden and Kent Crippen and Betty Dunckel and Shari Ellis and Austin Hendy and Katherine Hendy and Claudia Grant}
}
@article {1064,
	title = {FOSSIL- A national network of amateur and professional paleontologists in the U.S.},
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {NAPC Symposium},
	url = {http://vimeo.com/album/2740344/video/87100158},
	author = {Bruce MacFadden and Kent Crippen and Betty Dunckel and Shari Ellis and Austin Hendy and Katherine Hendy and Claudia Grant}
}
@article {1089,
	title = {Georeferencing (GWG) Working Group Update},
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {IDigBio Summit II},
	url = {http://vimeo.com/album/2163675/video/55283852},
	author = {Deborah Paul and David Bloom and Shari Ellis}
}
@article {1455,
	title = {Georeferencing Train-the-Trainers Survey Results},
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {iDigBio Georeferencing Workshop Group (GWG), iDigBio GWG TTT 2},
	url = {https://www.idigbio.org/sites/default/files/workshop-presentations/ttt2/Georeferencing\%20TTT2\%20presentation.pptx},
	author = {Shari Ellis}
}
@conference {2537,
	title = {A global survey of natural history collections},
	booktitle = {Society for the Preservation of Natural History Collections 31st Annual Meeting},
	year = {2016},
	month = {06/2016},
	address = {Berlin, Germany},
	author = {Paul, Deborah L. and Masinde, Siro and Shari Ellis and Leonard Krishtalka and Barbara M. Thiers and Ganglo, Jean and Dalcin, Eduardo and Nakae, Masanori}
}
@article {288,
	title = {iDigBio Botany 2012 Symposium: Correcting and Standardizing Taxonomic Names with the TaxonomicName Resolution Service},
	year = {2012},
	abstract = {This presentation was given by Naim Matasci, Bradley Boyle, Zhenyuan Lu, Nicole Hopkins, William Piel, Garay Raygoza, Juan Antonio, Sheldon McKay,  Martha Narro, and Brian Enquist at the iDigBio Botany 2012 Symposium.},
	keywords = {iDigBio Botany 2012 Symposium},
	url = {https://www.idigbio.org/sites/default/files/workshop-presentations/botany2012/symposium/BSA12.pptx},
	author = {Naim Matasci and Bradley Boyle and Zhenyuan Lu and Nicole Hopkins and William Piel and Garay Raygoza and Juan Antonio and Sheldon McKay and Martha Narro and Brian Enquist}
}
@article {283,
	title = {iDigBio Botany 2012 Symposium: Mobilizing New England Vascular Plant Specimen Data to Track Environmental Changes},
	year = {2012},
	abstract = {This presentation was given by Patrick Sweeney, David Barrington, Charles Davis, Michael Donoghue, Erika Edwards, David Foster, Paul Morris, Chris Neefus, Richard Primack, Karen Searcy, Binil Starly, and Janet Sullivan at the iDigBio Botany 2012 Symposium.},
	keywords = {iDigBio Botany 2012 Symposium},
	url = {https://www.idigbio.org/sites/default/files/workshop-presentations/botany2012/symposium/Sweeney_Botany2012_iDigBio.pdf},
	author = {Patrick Sweeney and David Barrington and Charles Davis and Michael Donoghue and Erika Edwards and David Foster and Paul Morris and Chris Neefus and Richard Primack and Karen Searcy and Binil Starly and Janet Sullivan}
}
@article {260,
	title = {iDigBio Botany 2012 Workshop: An Industrial Engineer{\textquoteright}s Perspective on Digitization},
	year = {2012},
	abstract = {This presentation was given by Rod Eastwood at the iDigBio Botany 2012 Workshop.},
	keywords = {iDigBio Botany 2012 Workshop},
	url = {https://www.idigbio.org/sites/default/files/workshop-presentations/botany2012/workshop/Eastwood-iDigBio.ppt},
	author = {Rod Eastwood}
}
@article {1009,
	title = {iDigBio E\&O Workshop. WELCOME!},
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {iDigBio Education and Outreach Workshop},
	url = {https://www.idigbio.org/sites/default/files/workshop-presentations/eoworkshop/Ellwood-E\%26O_Welcome.pdf},
	author = {Libby Ellwood}
}
@article {473,
	title = {IDigBio Summit II: Georeferencing (GWG)},
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {IDigBio Summit II},
	url = {https://www.idigbio.org/sites/default/files/workshop-presentations/summit2/wg_paul_GeotrainSummit2012_db_dp_shari.pptx},
	author = {Deborah L Paul and David Bloom and Shari Ellis}
}
@article {717,
	title = {Innovative workflows for efficient data capture in an entomological collection: The MCZ Lepidoptera Rapid Data Capture Project},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {Databasing, LabelCapture, UseCase, WorkFlows},
	url = {http://www.ecnweb.org/dev/files/12_Eastwood_2010.pdf},
	author = {P. Morris and R. Eastwood and L. Ford}
}
@article {1373,
	title = {Lightning Talk:Herbarium Digitization Activities in Oklahoma },
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {TORCH VIII and iDigBio Workshop},
	url = {https://www.idigbio.org/wiki/images/2/26/Elisens.OK.lightning.pdf},
	author = {Wayne Elisens}
}
@article {1375,
	title = {Lightning Talk:The Macrofungi Collections Consortium},
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {TORCH VIII and iDigBio Workshop},
	url = {https://www.idigbio.org/wiki/images/6/6f/MACC_Project.condensed.pdf},
	author = {Wayne Elisens and Clark Ovrebo}
}
@article {2442,
	title = {Macroalgae in our lives},
	year = {2015},
	publisher = {Bishop Museum},
	address = {USA},
	keywords = {Education and Outreach; Macroalgal Herbarium Consortium},
	url = {https://vimeo.com/120097203},
	author = {Education, Bishop Museum}
}
@article {1849,
	title = {Managing Digitization Projects with Biospex. },
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {TDWG 2014},
	url = {http://www.tdwg.org/fileadmin/2014conference/slides/Riccardi_Biospex.pptx},
	author = {Greg Riccardi and Elizabeth Ellwood and Austin Mast and Robert Bruhn and Jeremy Spinks}
}
@conference {2416,
	title = {Mapping Life: Quality Assessment of Novice and Computer Automated vs. Expert Georeferences},
	booktitle = {TDWG 2015},
	year = {2015},
	keywords = {EF-1115210, Presentation, TDWG2015},
	author = {Ellwood, Elizabeth R. and Bart, Henry and Doosey, Michael and Jue, Dean and Nelson, Gil and Rios, Nelson and Mast, Austin}
}
@article {2122,
	title = {Mechanisms of community input and the future of digitization at NSF},
	year = {2015},
	keywords = {Strategies for Vertebrate Digitization},
	url = {https://www.idigbio.org/wiki/images/f/f4/Edwards_NSF_Cornell_2015.pdf},
	author = {Scott V. Edwards}
}
@article {1476,
	title = {Michigan Small Herbarium Initiative: The Trial From an Idea to Specimen Digitization},
	year = {2014},
	abstract = {The Michigan Small Herbarium Initiative, a project focusing on digitization of specimens in ten small herbaria, arose from a long chain of events that began at an NSF-sponsored workshop in 2004. We will detail the history, development, current status, and future goals of the project as well as focus on the benefits and challenges that may result from forming such a group and alignment with at least one major collection
},
	keywords = {Small Collections Symposium SPNHC 2014},
	url = {https://www.idigbio.org/wiki/images/8/87/Rabeler_Michigan_Small_Herbarium_Initiative.pdf},
	author = {Richard Rabeler and Anna Monfils and Timothy Evans}
}
@article {1598,
	title = {Natural History Collections as Emerging Resources for Innovative Education},
	journal = {BioScience},
	volume = {64},
	year = {2014},
	month = {08/2014},
	chapter = {725},
	abstract = {There is an emerging consensus that undergraduate biology education in the United States is at a crucial juncture, especially as we acknowledge the need to train a new generation of scientists to meet looming environmental and health crises. Digital resources for biology now available online provide an opportunity to transform biology curricula to include more authentic and inquiry-driven educational experiences. Digitized natural history collections have become tremendous assets for research in environmental and health sciences, but, to date, these data remain largely untapped by educators. Natural history collections have the potential to help transform undergraduate science education from passive learning into an active exploration of the natural world, including the exploration of the complex relationships among environmental conditions, biodiversity, and human well-being. By incorporating natural history specimens and their associated data into undergraduate curricula, educators can promote participatory learning and foster an understanding of essential interactions between organisms and their environments.},
	keywords = {database, inquiry driven, museum, place based, undergraduate education},
	issn = {1525-3244},
	doi = {10.1093/biosci/biu096},
	url = {http://bioscience.oxfordjournals.org/content/64/8/725.full.pdf+htm},
	author = {Joseph A. Cook and Scott V. Edwards and Eileen A. Lacey and Robert P. Guralnick and Pamela S. Soltis and Douglas E. Soltis and Corey K. Welch and Kayce C. Bell and Kurt E. Galbreath and Christopher Himes and Julie M. Allen and Tracy A. Heath and Ana C. Carnaval and Kimberly L. Cooper and Mark Liu and James Hanken and Stefanie Ickert-Bond}
}
@article {2105,
	title = {Natural History Collections as Emerging Resources for Innovative Education},
	journal = {BioScience},
	volume = {64},
	year = {2014},
	month = {08/2014},
	chapter = {725},
	abstract = {Nearly four decades ago, Roose \& Gottlieb (Roose \& Gottlieb 1976 Evolution 30, 818{\textendash}830. (doi:10.2307/2407821)) showed that the recently derived allotetraploids Tragopogon mirus and T. miscellus combined the allozyme profiles of their diploid parents (T. dubius and T. porrifolius, and T. dubius and T. pratensis, respectively). This classic paper addressed the link between genotype and biochemical phenotype and documented enzyme additivity in allopolyploids. Perhaps more important than their model of additivity, however, was their demonstration of novelty at the biochemical level. Enzyme multiplicity{\textemdash}the production of novel enzyme forms in the allopolyploids{\textemdash}can provide an extensive array of polymorphism for a polyploid individual and may explain, for example, the expanded ranges of polyploids relative to their diploid progenitors. In this paper, we extend the concept of evolutionary novelty in allopolyploids to a range of genetic and ecological features. We observe that the dynamic nature of polyploid genomes{\textemdash}with alterations in gene content, gene number, gene arrangement, gene expression and transposon activity{\textemdash}may generate sufficient novelty that every individual in a polyploid population or species may be unique. Whereas certain combinations of these features will undoubtedly be maladaptive, some unique combinations of newly generated variation may provide tremendous evolutionary potential and adaptive capabilities.},
	keywords = {EF-1115210},
	url = {https://www.idigbio.org/sites/default/files/sites/default/files/Cook\%20et\%20al\%20BioScience-2014-Cook-725-34.pdf},
	author = {Joseph A. Cook and Scott V. Edwards and Eileen A. Lacey and Robert P. Guralnick and Soltis, Pamela S. and Douglas E. Soltis and Corey K. Welch and Kayce C. Bell and Kurt E. Galbreath and Christopher Himes and Julie M. Allen and Tracy A. Heath and Ana C. Carnaval and Kimberly L. Cooper and Mark Liu and James Hanken and Stefanie Ickert-Bond}
}
@article {1529,
	title = {Opportunities and Challenges for Funding and Sustaining Natural History Collections },
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {Collections for the 21st Century Symposium},
	url = {https://www.idigbio.org/wiki/images/a/a4/Edwards_iDigBio_2014.pdf},
	author = {Scott Edwards}
}
@article {1008,
	title = {The Potential Impacts of Working in Collections as an Undergraduate},
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {iDigBio Education and Outreach Workshop},
	url = {https://www.idigbio.org/sites/default/files/workshop-presentations/eoworkshop/Ellis\%20Undergraduates\%20in\%20Collections.pdf},
	author = {Anna Monfils and Shari Ellis}
}
@article {2102,
	title = {Preserving Biodiversity for Long-term Research: The Genetic Resources Repository of the Florida Museum of Natural History},
	journal = {DNA Banking for the 21st Century},
	year = {2014},
	month = {2014},
	chapter = {49},
	abstract = {The Genetic Resources Repository (GRR) of the Florida Museum of Natural History (FLMNH) is a centralized
facility that preserves DNA and other genetic resources of a wide array of organisms, mostly specimens derived from
research projects of the divisions of the FLMNH. In a period of six years the collection had rapid growth and now
encompasses 42,833 specimens with potential value for molecular studies that should prove instrumental to a broad
array of research programs worldwide. The establishment and different facets of organization and administration of
the GRR are here described, with the goal 0f contributing guidelines for the establishment of other genetic resources
collections.},
	keywords = {cryopreservation, DNA, EF-1115210, liquid nitrogen, Natural history collections, tissues},
	url = {https://www.idigbio.org/sites/default/files/sites/default/files/Endara\%20et\%20al\%20DNA\%20Banking\%202014.pdf},
	author = {Lorena Endara and Angelo Soto-Centeno and Terry A Lott and Pamela S. Soltis}
}
@article {1623,
	title = {Semantics in Support of Biodiversity Knowledge Discovery: An Introduction to the Biological Collections Ontology and Related Ontologies.},
	journal = {PLoS ONE},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2014},
	month = {03/2014},
	chapter = {1},
	abstract = {The study of biodiversity spans many disciplines and includes data pertaining to species distributions and abundances, genetic sequences, trait measurements, and ecological niches, complemented by information on collection and measurement protocols. A review of the current landscape of metadata standards and ontologies in biodiversity science suggests that existing standards such as the Darwin Core terminology are inadequate for describing biodiversity data in a semantically meaningful and computationally useful way. Existing ontologies, such as the Gene Ontology and others in the Open Biological and Biomedical Ontologies (OBO) Foundry library, provide a semantic structure but lack many of the necessary terms to describe biodiversity data in all its dimensions. In this paper, we describe the motivation for and ongoing development of a new Biological Collections Ontology, the Environment Ontology, and the Population and Community Ontology. These ontologies share the aim of improving data aggregation and integration across the biodiversity domain and can be used to describe physical samples and sampling processes (for example, collection, extraction, and preservation techniques), as well as biodiversity observations that involve no physical sampling. Together they encompass studies of: 1) individual organisms, including voucher specimens from ecological studies and museum specimens, 2) bulk or environmental samples (e.g., gut contents, soil, water) that include DNA, other molecules, and potentially many organisms, especially microbes, and 3) survey-based ecological observations. We discuss how these ontologies can be applied to biodiversity use cases that span genetic, organismal, and ecosystem levels of organization. We argue that if adopted as a standard and rigorously applied and enriched by the biodiversity community, these ontologies would significantly reduce barriers to data discovery, integration, and exchange among biodiversity resources and researchers.},
	keywords = {EF-1115210},
	url = {http://www.plosone.org/article/info\%3Adoi\%2F10.1371\%2Fjournal.pone.0089606},
	author = {Ramona Wells and John Deck and Robert Guralnick and Steve Baskauf and Reed Beaman and Stanley Blum and Shawn Bowers and Pier Luigi Buttigieg and Neil Davies and Dag Endresen and Maria Alejandra Gandolfo and Robert Hanner and Alyssa Janning and Leonard Krishtalka and Matsunaga, Andr{\'e}a and Peter Midford and Norman Morrison and Eamonn O. Tuama and Mark Schidhauer and Barry Smith and Brian J. Stucky and Andrea Thomer and John Wieczorek and Jamie Whitacre and John Wooley}
}
@article {1234,
	title = {Small Collection Perspective: What Made Me Commit to Digitization?},
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {Small Collections},
	url = {https://www.idigbio.org/wiki/images/8/8a/DigitizationTalk.CMU.Evans.2014.pdf},
	author = {Tim Evans}
}
@article {1318,
	title = {SPNHC 2014: Progress in Digitization: Creating a Swedish Digital Natural History Collection, e-BioColl.se},
	year = {2014},
	abstract = {Natural history collections constitute the major source of data for research in phylogenetics and systematics, and provide crucial information for analyses of long-term trends in ecology and environmental sciences. Recent mass-digitization efforts have opened up such collections abroad for transformative e-science approaches, but research dependent on Swedish objects is left behind. Out of an estimates 33 million Swedish specimens, almost 90\% are unavailable digitally, and it will take hundreds of years to eliminate this backlog at the current pace of digitization.
To address this problem and provide a proof-of-concept version of an e-science platform for Swedish natural history collections allowing complete digitization within 10 years we plan to develop and test standardized, re-usable, industrial-level digitization processes where innovation and automation will bring down the cost of obtaining specimen images and geospatial and taxonomic metadata from specimen labels. Robotic techniques employed to image insect collections, and automated text recognition and citizen-science based crowd sourcing for extracting information from specimen labels during the digitization of 1.4 million specimens in the Gothenburg herbarium will provide a full-scale feasibility test of tools and concepts. The digitized information will immediately support outstanding research in Sweden and elsewhere on this unique material, and boost international initiatives (e g GBIF, LifeWatch and IPBES).},
	keywords = {automation, Citizen Science, digitization, e-BioColl.se, e-science, optical character recognition, SPNHC 2014, SPNHC 2014: Progress in Digitization},
	url = {https://www.idigbio.org/sites/default/files/workshop-presentations/spnhc2014/01_SPNHC_NRM_140626_KarinKarlsson.pdf},
	author = {Karin Karlsson and Ericson, Per and Fredrik Ronquist and Anders Telenius and Stefan Daume and Kevin Holston}
}
@article {1332,
	title = {SPNHC 2014: Progress in Digitization: iDigBio{\textquoteright}s Biospex System for Engaging the Public in Digitization},
	year = {2014},
	abstract = {New web resources provide scientists opportunities to engage the public in ways and at scales not previously possible. Many ecological and environmental citizen science projects focus on generating present-day occurrence data on populations, species, and communities to address urgent societal challenges, such as the extinction crisis and biotic responses to climate change. Biodiversity research collections provide the opportunity to produce the important historical and present-day baseline data on distributions with which to compare the new observations and project future change. However, the majority of information about the specimens in these collections has yet to be digitized. Public engagement might provide an important strategy to accelerate digitization. Out of a 2012 workshop emerged the idea of an iDigBio public participation in digitization management system, which would permit the creation of record sets of incomplete specimen data and/or images from the iDigBio Cloud, management of their digitization using collaborating citizen science tools, monitoring of digitization progress, advertisement of the projects on the go-to sites for members of the public interested in citizen science, and return of the new data to the data providers and those involved in the digitization. We will introduce this emerging system, called Biospex for Biodiversity Specimen Expeditions. We will provide an overview of the management system and its interoperability with biodiversity specimen data management systems and citizen science tools via Darwin Core Archive and Ecological Markup Language files.},
	keywords = {Biospex, Citizen Science, digitization, digitization management, iDigBio, SPNHC 2014, SPNHC 2014: Progress in Digitization},
	url = {https://www.idigbio.org/sites/default/files/workshop-presentations/spnhc2014/15_Ellwood_SPNHC_2014.pdf},
	author = {Elizabeth R. Ellwood and Austin R. Mast and Robert Bruhn and Jeremy Spinks and Greg Riccardi}
}
@article {520,
	title = {Summary of iDigBio 2012 Summit},
	year = {2013},
	url = {https://www.idigbio.org/sites/default/files/workshop-presentations/summit2/Summary\%20of\%20iDigBio\%202012\%20Summit.pdf},
	author = {Shari Ellis}
}
@article {1618,
	title = {Temporal Calibration and Biochronology of the Centenario Fauna, Early Miocene of Panama},
	journal = {The Journal of Geology},
	volume = {122},
	year = {2014},
	month = {2014},
	chapter = {113},
	abstract = {New excavations along the Panama Canal have yielded a growing Early Miocene assemblage of mammals referred to as the Centenario Fauna. Despite the area{\textquoteright}s proximity to South America, the mammals of the Centenario Fauna have entirely North American affinities. The Centenario Fauna is distributed throughout a \~{}115-m stratigraphic interval encompassing the uppermost Culebra and Cucaracha Formations within the Panama Canal basin. Previously published ages constrain the age of the lower limit of the Centenario Fauna to no younger than \~{}19 Ma, but the upper limit has remained problematical. A fresh exposure of the Cucaracha tuff, a prominent marker horizon within our measured sections, has yielded two new radioisotopic determinations: (1) an 40Ar/39Ar age of 18.96 {\textpm} 0.90 Ma and (2) a U-Pb zircon age of 18.81 {\textpm} 0.30 Ma. In addition, magnetostratigraphic data indicate that the Centenario Fauna occurs within chron C5Er, from 18.78 to 19.05 Ma on the geomagnetic polarity timescale of Gee and Kent. These correlations further confirm the calibration of the latest Arikareean (Ar4) to early Hemingfordian (He1) transition in Nebraska, at the base of chron C5Er, at about 19.05 Ma. The Centenario Fauna occurs at the beginning of the Hemingfordian North American Land Mammal Age, i.e., He1. A broad faunal province existed during the early Hemingfordian that can be recognized across a north-south range of 5000 km throughout North America, with the southernmost limits defined by the Centenario Fauna of Panama.},
	keywords = {EF-1115210},
	url = {http://www.jstor.org/action/showArticleInfo?doi=10.1086\%2F675244},
	author = {MacFadden, Bruce J. and Jonathan Bloch and Helen Evans and David Foster and Gary Morgan and Aldo Rincon and Aaaron Wood}
}
@article {776,
	title = {Texas Oklahoma Regional Consortia of Herbaria},
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {Summit 3},
	url = {https://www.idigbio.org/sites/default/files/workshop-presentations/summit3/idigbio.Summit.RDCN_.presentation.2013-elisens.pdf},
	author = {Wayne Elisens}
}
@article {1249,
	title = {TORCH  challenges in interacting with small collections},
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {Small Collections},
	url = {https://www.idigbio.org/wiki/images/4/4e/Elisens_TORCH_small_colls_2014.pdf},
	author = {Wayne Elisens}
}
@article {1483,
	title = {Undergraduates in natural history collections: What are the educational gains and how can we make the experience more impactful?},
	year = {2014},
	abstract = {For small collections, undergraduate students constitute the major workforce utilized to curate collections and facilitate digitization. With the influx of funds from national digitization efforts, more undergraduates are being incorporated into large-scale digitization efforts. The goals of this study were 1) to determine the impact collections based experiences are having on the students{\textquoteright} understanding of the nature of science, and 2) assess how collection-based employment and/or research is impacting the students{\textquoteright} undergraduate experience, and/or future career plans.Two surveys were conducted: a curator survey of natural history curators managing undergraduate workers and an undergraduate survey of students working in those collections. Student questions were derived from the SURE III: Survey of Undergraduate Research Experiences and the URSSA: Undergraduate Research Student Self-Assessment. Results from 167 curators and 258 students reveal undergraduates working in collections are performing high order and critical curatorial tasks. Student responses indicate work in the collections contributes to understanding of core science concepts and influences course selection, choice of major and post-graduate plans. This study provides documentation that students are gaining significant educational and professional rewards from working in natural history collections. In light of the student gains from collections-
based experiences, specific and applicable suggestions will be introduced to enhance the undergraduate experience
},
	keywords = {Small Collections Symposium SPNHC 2014},
	url = {https://www.idigbio.org/wiki/images/5/51/Monfils_SPNHC_2014.pdf},
	author = {Anna Monfils and Shari Ellis}
}
@article {2283,
	title = {Using Megalodon as a Model for Teaching Evolution~},
	year = {2015},
	keywords = {3D Digitization of Fossils for Educators \& Citizen Scientists, CAR 222},
	url = {http://idigbio.adobeconnect.com/p107krkkpta/},
	author = {Dana Ehret}
}
@article {2104,
	title = {Variables affecting DNA preservation in archival plant specimens},
	journal = {DNA Banking for the 21st Century},
	year = {2014},
	month = {2014},
	chapter = {81},
	abstract = {Although the use of plant DNA in scientific research is now decades old now. we still know very little about the
best methods of DNA preservation. A few studies have addressed aspects of DNA quality and preservation . but a
broad sense of the quality of DNA in herbarium specimens and tissues specifically preserved for DNA usage is still
lacking. This article reviews the basic concepts ofDNA preservation, factors affecting DNA in herbarium specimens.
optimal methods for DNA extraction. and storage. To address lingering questions about the nature ofDNA quality
in archival plant specimens. we also evaluated - 2000 samples from herbarium specimens. as well as silica-dried and
frozen tissuesspecifically preserved for DNA usage. For herbarium specimens. we used materials spanning much of
angiosperm phylogenetic diversity to ascertain general trends of DNA degradation over time and to assesswhether
different clades had different rates of "expiration." Our results indicate different rates ofDNA degradation , but for
mostsamples. no matter the taxonomic group . we were unlikely to recover high-quality DNA after 30-40 years.
Nonetheless, given rapid technological advances and changes in DNA sequencing methods. even herbarium specimens
with highly degraded DNA may still be of use in molecular analyses. Additional herbarium specimens were
sampled for two different collection sets with drastically different curation histories bur of approximately the same
age. This analysis showed a vety marked difference in DNA quality between the two sets: the well-curared specimens
had excellent-quality DNA while the poorly curated samples had low-quality DNA. For frozen tissues, virtually all
samples had excellent quality. whether storage wasat -20{\textperiodcentered} or -BO{\textperiodcentered}C and whether tissue was pulverized or intact. For
silica-dried tissues, the results were much more heterogeneous, depending on the storage vessel. Samples stored in
vessels with poor seals yielded lower-quality DNA. To address the long-term viability of frozen DNA extracts, we
compared a set of 7-I2-year-old DNA extracts with new extracts of the same original silica-dried tissues and with
fresh, greenhouse-collected tissues of the same original material, these comparisons indicared less degradation in the
extracts than in rhe silica-preserved samples, although the differences were subtle. We also found that IS-year-old
photo-bleached, silica-dried samples Still had small amounts of high-molecular-weighr DNA. The long-term preservation
of DNA in archival samples remains problematic. bur we can besr preserve DNA by limiting the factors
that degrade it. Although the botanical community has been preserving tissues and DNA extracts for a limited
umespan, we can infer some basic conclusions from this and oth er studies . Recommended best practices are to freeze
tissues and extracts at as Iow a rernperarure as possible (e.g., -BO{\textperiodcentered}C). bur if that is not possible or practical. room
temperature storage of rlssues with silica in tightly sealed containers is a viable alternative , at least for the short term.},
	keywords = {EF-1115210},
	isbn = { 0-9808415-9-8},
	url = {https://www.idigbio.org/sites/default/files/sites/default/files/Neubig_et_al_2014_.pdf},
	author = {Kurt M. Neubig and Mark W. Whitten and Richard J. Abbott and Savannah Elliot and Douglas E. Soltis and Pamela S. Soltis}
}
@article {1617,
	title = {Virtual Herbaria Come of Age},
	journal = {Oklahoma Native Plant Record},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2012},
	month = {2012},
	chapter = {69},
	url = {http://ojs.library.okstate.edu/osu/index.php/ONPR/article/view/737/675},
	author = {Wayne Elisens}
}
@conference {2423,
	title = {WeDigBio: Worldwilde Engagement for the Digitization of Biocollections},
	booktitle = {SPNHC 2015},
	year = {2015},
	keywords = {EF-1115210, Presentation, SPNHC2015},
	author = {Kimberly, Paul G. and Flemons, Paul K.J. and Guralnick, Robert P. and Mast, Austin R. and Ellwood, Elizabeth R. and Paul, Deborah L. and Love, Kevin J.}
}
@conference {2425,
	title = {The Worldwide Engagement for Digitization of Biocollections (WeDigBio) Event},
	booktitle = {Botanical Society of America 2015},
	year = {2015},
	keywords = {BSA2015, EF-1115210, Presentation},
	author = {Mast, Austin R. and Kimberly, Paul and Flemons, Paul and Ellwood, Elizabeth and Love, Kevin and Paul, Deborah and Guralnick, Robert}
}
@conference {2515,
	title = {Worldwide Engagement for Digitizing Biocollections 2016: a call to the AsiaPacific region to participate in the WeDigBio Global Transcription Event!},
	booktitle = {23rd Pacific Science Congress},
	year = {2016},
	month = {06/2016},
	address = {Taipei, Taiwan},
	abstract = {During its inaugural year, the Worldwide Engagement for Digitizing Biocollections Event, WeDigBio
2015, involved thousands of citizen scientists from >50 countries in transcribing biodiversity specimen
labels from a variety of taxonomic groups over four days. Participants at onsite events at museums,
universities, and science classrooms, as well as those distributed individually throughout the world,
used online platforms at DigiVol, Les Herbonautes, Notes from Nature, Smithsonian Institution{\textquoteright}s
Transcription Center, and Symbiota to transcribe almost 30,000 specimen labels. During the event,
participants learned about collections and biodiversity, interacted with researchers, played games,
shared experiences via social media, and contributed to the growing database of digital biocollections
information. In 2016, WeDigBio is aiming to double the number of onsite events, online participants, and
completed transcriptions, and we encourage biodiversity institutions and citizen scientists within the
Asia-Pacific region to take part in activities. Resources are being developed to help make the event
even more fun, educational, and productive, such as: improvements to the dynamic dashboard at
wedigbio.org (http://wedigbio.org/) and enhanced interoperability with transcription platforms, lesson
plans for teachers, activities for participants at transcription events, and opportunities to interact with
transcribers across events. Certain platforms, such as DigiVol.org, can host images of specimens
from collections in the Asia-Pacific region needing assistance with transcription. WeDigBio 2016 can
be a way to increase the visibility of your biological collection, engage with local citizen scientists, and
expedite digitization, all while being a part of a well publicized global event. Consider being one of the
many online participants helping to mobilize biodiversity collections data, or hosting a WeDigBio event
at your collection, university, or classroom from October 2023, 2016. Learn more at wedigbio.org
(http://wedigbio.org/). },
	keywords = {poster, WeDigBio},
	url = {http://www.idigbio.org/sites/default/files/sites/default/files/WeDigBio_Poster_PSC__final.pdf},
	author = {James, Shelley A. and Ellwood, Elizabeth R. and Kimberly, Paul G. and Guralnick, Robert P. and Flemons, Paul K.J. and Love, Kevin J. and Mast, Austin R.}
}
@conference {2521,
	title = {Worldwide Engagement for Digitizing Biocollections 2016: a call to the Flora Malesiana community to participate in the WeDigBio Global Transcription Event!},
	booktitle = {Flora Malesiana 10},
	year = {2016},
	month = {07/2016},
	address = {Edinburgh, UK},
	abstract = {During its inaugural year, Worldwide Engagement for Digitizing Biocollections, WeDigBio 2015, involved citizen scientists from >50 countries in transcribing biodiversity specimen labels from a variety of taxonomic groups over four days. Participants at onsite events at museums, universities, and science classrooms, along with individuals across the globe, used online platforms at DigiVol, Les Herbonautes, Notes from Nature, Smithsonian Institution{\textquoteright}s Transcription Center, and Symbiota to transcribe almost 30,000 specimen labels. Participants learned about collections and biodiversity, interacted with researchers, played games, shared experiences via social media, and contributed to the growing database of digital biocollections information.

WeDigBio 2016 is aiming to double the number of onsite events, online participants, and completed transcriptions, and we encourage herbaria and citizen scientists of the Flora Malesiana community to take part in activities. Resources are being developed to help make the event even more fun, educational, and productive, such as: improvements to the dynamic dashboard at wedigbio.org, enhanced interoperability with transcription platforms, lesson plans for teachers, activities for participants at transcription events, and interaction between transcribers across events. Certain platforms, such as DigiVol.org, can host images of specimens collections from the Malesian region needing transcription. WeDigBio 2016 can be a way to increase the visibility of your herbarium, engage with local citizen scientists, and expedite digitization of botanical specimens, while being a part of a well-publicized global event. Consider being one of the many online participants helping to mobilize biodiversity collections data, or hosting a WeDigBio event from October 20-23, 2016. Learn more at wedigbio.org.
},
	keywords = {poster},
	url = {https://www.idigbio.org/sites/default/files/poster-files/WeDigBio_Poster_FlMal_small.pdf},
	author = {Ellwood, Elizabeth R. and James, Shelley A. and Kimberly, Paul G. and Guralnick, Robert P. and Flemons, Paul K.J. and Love, Kevin J. and Mast, Austin R.}
}
